Psychobook: Games, Tests, Questionnaires, Histories - Julian Rothenstein (2016)
Chapter 1. Classic Psychological Tests
Nonlinguistic intelligence tests developed in the 1920s, involving exercises in sequencing, matching, patterning, and logical connection
Intelligence testing at Ellis Island, USA, ca. 1910. Pioneered by Howard Andrew Knox, these tests, which used graphic puzzles similar to those shown opposite, were intended to determine the mental capacity of potential immigrants.
Lowenfeld Mosaic Tests
The box contains 465 wooden pieces in six colors and eight geometric shapes (squares, diamonds, and three types of triangle—right angle, isosceles, and scalene). It was intended for use with children, but some psychologists have extended its use to adult patients. Test subjects were invited to make any pattern or image they liked. The analysis of outcomes was related to the subject’s behavior during the tests (e.g., whether anxious or carefree, determined or haphazard, thoughtful or careless, etc.) and/or the patterns produced (whether ordered or random, figurative or abstract, etc.). The tests, introduced by the respected British child psychologist Margaret Lowenfeld in 1929, are still in use today.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The University of Minnesota Press first published the MMPI in 1943. The statements that follow are similar to those used in the MMPI and other psychometric tests developed as aids to personality analysis and to the diagnosis of psychological and psychopathological conditions. These tests, or developments of them, continue to be widely used by clinical psychologists. They are designed to reveal traits and predispositions that may be regarded as “normal” or “deviant” (depression, paranoia, etc.), according to the definitions of those terms at any time in vogue with the profession. The subject is required to respond simply and without elaboration: “yes,” “no,” “true,” “false,” or “cannot say.” Such limited responses are regarded as enabling a high degree of standardization, producing “objective tests” as opposed to so-called projective tests, which require more interpretation.
Box and numbered inventory cards for the MMPI
I am not afraid of toads
My father could be described as dominating
People who do not know me hesitate before shaking my hand
I am sometimes fearful without any particular reason
People who are jealous of me have hindered my career
I am not afraid of going to my doctor
My parents’ marriage was very happy
I do not like to see men in their pyjamas
I do not want to be better looking
Sometimes I feel very happy for no good reason
My mother was a good woman
I am not afraid of contracting infectious diseases
I do not like to hear strangers singing
Someone has been trying to get into my car
My hands have not become clumsy or awkward
I am afraid I am going out of my mind
I have a good appetite
I wake up fresh and rested most mornings
I think I would like the work of a librarian
I am easily awakened by noise
My hands and feet are usually warm enough
There seems to be a lump in my throat much of the time
I work under a great deal of tension
Once in a while I think of things too bad to talk about
My father is a good man
My mother is a good woman
My sex life is satisfactory
At times I have very much wanted to leave home
I see things or animals or people around me that others do not see
I hardly ever feel pain in the back of the neck
I am an important person
I have had periods of days, weeks, or months when I couldn’t take care of things because I couldn’t “get going”
I do not always tell the truth
My judgment is better than it ever was
Once a week or oftener I feel suddenly hot all over without apparent cause
It would be better if almost all laws were thrown away
My soul sometimes leaves my body
I am in just as good physical health as most of my friends
I prefer to pass by school friends, or people I know but have not seen for a long time, unless they speak to me first
I am liked by most people who know me
I have not lived the right kind of life
Parts of my body often have feelings like burning, tingling, or crawling
I am sometimes paralyzed by fear
Sometimes I know in advance I am going to act like a fool
I often feel guilty at the same time as feeling blameless
The Szondi Test
Invented by the Hungarian psychiatrist Léopold Szondi in 1935, this highly dubious test is based on the reactions of patients to six sets of photographic portraits of mental patients or “psychopaths,” each set containing pictures of eight psychotic personality types: homosexual, sadist, epileptic, hysteric, catatonic, paranoid, depressive, and maniac! Given the absurdity of these classifications, no more need be said about the test, itself based on an elaborate and utterly ridiculous theory of elective fate.
The sinister-looking Szondi Test kit, with cards and analytic table. If your psychotherapist turns up with one of these, make an excuse and leave.
The Odor Imagination Test
In this test a blindfolded subject is given the following instructions:
I am going to let you smell various odors. As I present each of them to you I want you to invent a short anecdote or episode suggested by the odor. Please try to develop your story from the first association that comes to mind.
The following odors might be presented:
ginger
sage
soap and water
acetone
tobacco
art gum eraser
violet perfume
whiskey
sulphonaphthol
Worcestershire sauce
pine
spearmint
denatured alcohol
vinegar
germicide
sweet starch
benzoine
asafoetida
carbon tetrachloride
hydrogen sulphide gas
aftershave lotion
shellac
salad oil
sour milk
oil of cloves
From Bernard I. Murstein, The Handbook of Projective Techniques (New York: Basic Books, 1965). No results of the use of this test have been published.
The subject is asked to describe the character of the person depicted. The vagueness of the image is intended to induce perceptual concentration while providing minimal visual information. Imaginative projection is thereby intensified.
The McAdory Art Test
The McAdory Art Test, devised by Margaret McAdory in 1933, is one of a number of tests that purport to aid assessment of aesthetic sensitivity or artistic taste as measurable psychological predispositions, or to reveal “artistic aptitudes.” Which is the best design? Any such judgment is both necessarily subjective and culturally determined. Taste is convention; aptitude is given but conditioned. Change is possible in both categories. It’s fun, though. Which do you think is the best design?
Bold play blocks designed in the early twentieth century to test a child’s ability to match, sequence, or make logical patterns
Psychological and Intelligence Test Kit for Children
In the early twentieth century, peripatetic pediatricians carried this handy little suitcase of test equipment from school to school. It contains play blocks, building bricks of various sizes and shapes, and concentric box tests, among other items. It is a touching reminder of the radically changing ideas at that period—ideas about how children learn, and how they might express themselves in test situations. Intelligence was becoming recognized as the exercise of the mind, rather than as the mechanical ability to repeat what is taught by rote.
Make a Picture Story Test (MAPS)
Invented by American psychologist E. S. Shneidman in 1942, the test requires its subjects to place one or more of the given figures within a familiar setting (a bedroom, a street, a bridge, etc.) and then, with certain leads, to elaborate a story from the created scene. This is a projective test, not unlike the Thematic Apperception Test (see page 71). The story provides the psychologist with imagined projections for analysis of personality and pathological disorders. The sixty-seven figures certainly furnish plenty of suggestive material; merely looking at them, the inventive mind boggles.
These beautiful handmade cards were used in visualization tests with the smaller cubes pictured on page 22.
Pictorial Completion Test
Seeming to combine both of his specialisms, this test was devised in the 1920s by the Chicago child psychiatrist and criminologist William Healy: its purpose was to detect incipient juvenile delinquency and “defective or aberrational” tendencies in children. Margaret Lowenfeld (see page 24) used it for a more benign purpose: to diagnose the problems of traumatized children. Each scene has items missing; the child was asked to replace them from a number of given options. Not so much “spot the ball” as “supply the ball.”
A symbol association test for assessment of recognition and connection skills
Intelligence and Perceptual Speed Tests
In this well-known nonverbal intelligence test, Raven’s Matrices (originally developed by John C. Raven in 1936), the initial problem is quite easy, being based on simple visual matching—“find the missing section.” But tests become progressively more difficult, requiring the subject to draw inferences about what must be the logical (or geometric) completion of a series of diagrams. Because they do not use words or culture-specific images (as in many projective and questionnaire tests), tests of this diagrammatic type are considered to be “culture fair,” i.e., they avoid cultural bias. Whether they do or not is a moot point.
Traveling case for Raven’s Matrices test cards
Perceptual speed tests, on this page and the next. In each line, find the matching symbols.