NOTES - Reef Madness: Charles Darwin, Alexander Agassiz, and the Meaning of Coral - David Dobbs

Reef Madness: Charles Darwin, Alexander Agassiz, and the Meaning of Coral - David Dobbs (2005)

NOTES

CHAPTER ONE: MAGPIE

1. Jules Marcou, Life, Letters, and Works of Louis Agassiz, vol. I (New York: Macmillan, 1896), ix.

2. Louis Agassiz to Rodolphe Agassiz, 14 February 1829, in Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, Louis Agassiz: His Life and Correspondence, vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885), 98.

3. Quoted in Marcou, Life, Letters, 15.

CHAPTER TWO: NEUCHÂTEL

1. Alexander von Humboldt to Louis Agassiz, May 1835, Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, Louis Agassiz: His Life and Correspondence, vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885), 255.

2. Louis Agassiz, Recherches sur les poissons fossiles, 5 vols. (Neuchâtel, 1833-1844), quoted in Edward Lurie, Louis Agassiz: A Life in Science(Balti more: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 83.

3. Adam Sedgwick to Charles Lyell, 20 September 1835, John Willis Clark and Thomas McKinney Hughes, The Life and Letters of the Reverend Adam Sedgwick, vol. 1 (Cambridge, 1890), 447, quoted in Lurie, Agassiz, 79.

4. Charles Lyell to Adam Sedgwick, 25 October 1835, Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, vol. 1, ed. Katherine M. Lyell (London, 1881), 457, quoted in Lurie, Agassiz, 79.

5. Quoted in Lurie, Agassiz, 99.

6. Charles Darwin to Charles Lyell, 9 August 1838, quoted in Martin Rudwick, “Darwin and Glen Roy: A ‘Great Failure’ in Scientific Method?” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 5, no. 2 (1974): 117.

7. See Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: Voyaging(New York: Knopf, 1995), 402, 426-27, 432-33, 436, 440-41.

8. Charles Darwin to Charles Lyell, 6 September 1861, quoted in Rudwick, “Darwin and Glen Roy,” 152.

9. From F. H. Burkhardt et al., eds., The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, 9 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1821-1861), 2: 322, as quoted in Browne, Voyaging.

10. Francis Darwin, ed., The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 1 (New York: Appleton, 1911), 49.

11. George Agassiz, Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 4.

12. Ibid., 4, fn.

13. Ibid., 7.

14. Jules Marcou, Life, Letters, and Works of Louis Agassiz, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1896), 132.

15. Charles Darwin to Joseph Hooker, 26 March 1854, in Darwin, Life and Letters, vol. 1, 403.

CHAPTER FOUR: CAMBRIDGE

1. William James, “Louis Agassiz,” Science 5 (19 February 1897): 285-89.

2. Benjamin Silliman, Jr., to James Hall, 12 November 1846, James Hall Papers, New York State Museum, Albany.

3. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, chap. 16, online edition available at http://www.bartleby.com/15946.html.

4. George Santayana, Character and Opinion in the United States(New York: Scribner’s, 1921), 1-2, quoted in Edward Lurie, Nature and the American Mind(New York: Science History Publications, 1974), 19.

5. Asa Gray to William C. Redfield, 13 October 1846, Asa Gray Papers, Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, quoted in Edward Lurie, Louis Agassiz: A Life in Science(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 125.

6. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Journals, quoted in A. Hunter Dupree, Asa Gray(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), 225.

7. George Agassiz, ed., Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 19.

8. Ibid., 20.

9. Ibid., 18-19.

10. Alexander Agassiz, Notes on the Described Species of Holconoti, Found on the Western Coast of North America(Boston: George C. Rand & Avery, 1861).

CHAPTER FIVE: FIXITY

1. Harry Russell to Elizabeth Russell Lyman, 29 November 1862, Theodore Lyman letters, Lyman Family Papers, 1785-1956, Massachusetts Historical Society (microfilm, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor).

2. Alexander Agassiz to Theodore Lyman, 21 April 1862, Alexander Agassiz Papers, bAg 10.10.10.34, Ernst Mayr Library, Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology.

3. As related in Anne Russell Agassiz to Elizabeth Russell Lyman, 26 November 1861, Lyman Family Papers.

4. Addison Verrill to Edward Morse, quoted in Mary Winsor, Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 60.

5. I’m indebted to Ernst Mayr, and particularly his One Long Argument(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), for his lucid breakdown of the parts of Darwin’s larger theory-a parsing with which I’ve taken a few minor liberties here.

6. Michael Shermer, “The Gradual Illumination of the Mind: The Advance of Science, Not the Demotion of Religion, Will Best Counter the Influence of Creationism,” Scientific American, February 2002, online edition. Data is from a 2001 Gallup poll of Americans. About 10% believed in a strict creationism; just under 50% believed God somehow directed or influenced an evolutionary process; and just over 40% believed humans were shaped by a strictly natural evolution. The numbers for scientists were not radically different.

7. Asa Gray to J. D. Hooker, 21 February 1854, and 6 October 1855, quoted in A. Hunter Dupree, Asa Gray(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), 228.

8. Asa Gray, review of Explanations: A Sequel to the Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, by Anonymous, North American Review 62 (1846): 465-506, quoted in ibid., 145-46.

9. Asa Gray to J. D. Hooker, 28 September 1858, quoted in ibid., 221.

10. Charles Darwin to Asa Gray, 25 April 1855, Francis Darwin, ed., The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 2, (New York: Appleton, 1911), 420.

11. Asa Gray, “On the Botany of Japan, and Its Relation to North America, etc.,” Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 6(25 April 1859): 377-452.

12. Asa Gray to John Torrey 7 January 1859, quoted in Dupree, Asa Gray, 253.

13. Ibid.

14. Proceedings of the American Academy of the Arts and Sciences 4 (1857-1860): 132.

15.

15. Gray, “Botany of Japan,” 445.

16. Quoted in Dupree, Asa Gray, 259.

17. Charles E. Norton to Elizabeth C. Gaskell, 27 December 1859, Letters of Mrs. Gaskell and Charles Eliot Norton 18-186, ed. Jane Whitehill (London, 1932), 42-43, quoted in ibid., 267.

18. Asa Gray, “Darwin on the Origin of Species,” Atlantic Monthly 6(1860): 109-16, 229-39, quoted in ibid., 295-297.

19. Asa Gray to Joseph Hooker, 31 March 1860, quoted in Edward Lurie, Louis Agassiz: A Life in Science(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 295.

20. Louis Agassiz, review of Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, American Journal of Science 80 (1860): 144,154.

21. The 1861-1862 Lowell Lectures appeared as Methods of Study(Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1863). The New York lectures, given at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, were published as The Structure of Animal Life(New York: Scribner’s, 1865); they were essentially a popularization of Agas-siz’s 1861 Principles of Zoology(Boston: Gould and Lincoln), which was intended for college-level study. The series that ran in the Atlantic Monthly during 1863 and 1864 took book form as Geological Sketches(Boston: Tick nor and Fields, 1865.)

22. William James to Mary Robertson Walsh James, 31 March 1865, The Correspondence of William James, vol. 4, eds. Ignas K. Skrupskelis and Elizabeth M. Berkeley (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992), 99.

23. Chauncey Wright to Susan Lesley, 12 February 1860, Letters of Chauncey Wright, ed. James Bradley Thayer, 43, quoted in Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club(New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2001), 209.

24. Chauncey Wright to Charles Eliot Norton, 10 August 1866, Charles Eliot Norton Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University, bMS Am 1088 (8280), quoted in Menand, Metaphysical Club, 209.

CHAPTER SIX: TRANSMUTATION

1. Alexander Agassiz to Theodore Lyman, 25 February 1863, Alexander Agassiz Papers, bAg 10.10.10.34, Ernst Mayr Library, Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology.

2. Alexander Agassiz to Theodore Lyman, 19 November 1863, ibid.

3. Alexander Agassiz to Theodore Lyman, 23 October 1863, ibid.

4. Alexander Agassiz to Theodore Lyman, 25 July 1864, ibid.

5. Alexander Agassiz to Fritz Miiller, 17 January 1864, George Agassiz, Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 48-49.

6. Alexander Agassiz to Theodore Lyman, 7 July 1865, Alexander Agassiz Papers.

7.

7. Alexander Agassiz to Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, 17 July 1870, Agassiz, Letters and Recollections, 108.

8. Alexander Agassiz to Theodore Lyman, 16 November 1870, Alexander Agassiz Papers.

9. Quoted in Agassiz, Letters and Recollections, 97.

10. Charles Darwin to Fritz Miiller, 1 December 1869, More Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 2, eds. Francis Darwin and A. C. Seward (New York: Appleton, 1903), 357-358.

11. Alexander Agassiz to Charles Darwin, 4 March 1872, Agassiz, Letters and Recollections, 119-20.

12. Alexander Agassiz, “Revision of the Echini,” Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 7 (1872-1874): 17-18, quoted in Mary Winsor, Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 152-54.

CHAPTER SEVEN: SELECTION

1. Alexander Agassiz to Theodore Lyman, 7 February 1872, Alexander Agassiz Papers, bAg 10.10.10.34, Ernst Mayr Library, Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology.

2. Alexander Agassiz to Theodore Lyman, 16 March 1872, ibid.

3. Theodore Lyman diaries, 9 August 1874, Lyman Family Papers, 1785-1956, Massachusetts Historical Society (microfilm, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor).

CHAPTER EIGHT: A STILL GREATER SORROW

1. Theodore Lyman diaries, 24 December and 25 December 1876, Lyman Family Papers, 1785-1956, Massachusetts Historical Society (micro film, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor).

2. Alexander Agassiz to Ernst Haeckel, 28 January 1874, Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz, ed. George Agassiz (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 127.

3. Theodore Lyman diaries, 15 January 1874, Lyman Family Papers, 1785-1956, Massachusetts Historical Society (microfilm, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor).

4. Theodore Lyman diaries, 12 July 1974.

5. Alexander Agassiz to Wolcott Gibbs, 8 August 1874, Agassiz, Letters and Recollections, 130.

6. Alexander Agassiz to Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, 19 January 1875, ibid., 133.

7. Alexander Agassiz to Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, 19 January 1875, ibid., 136.

8. Alexander Agassiz to Theodore Lyman, 16 February 1875, Alexander Agassiz Papers, bAg 10.10.10.34, Ernst Mayr Library, Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology.

CHAPTER NINE: THE PLEASURE OF GAMBLING

1. Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the “Beagle,” vol. 29 (New York: Collier, 1909), 273-274.

2. Ibid., 270.

3. Alexander Agassiz to Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, 19 January 1875, Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz, ed. George Agassiz (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 136.

4. Charles Darwin to John Henslow, 18 April 1835, The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 1, eds. Frederick Burkhardt and Sydney Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 440.

5. Charles Darwin, 16 August 1834, Charles Darwin’s “Beagle” Diary, ed. Richard Darwin Keynes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 253.

6. Francis Darwin, ed., The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 1 (New York: Appleton, 1911), 37.

7. Ibid., 38.

8. Ibid., 39.

9. Ibid., 38.

10. Ibid., 42.

11. Ibid., 43.

12. Ibid., 47.

13. Ibid., 49.

14. Ibid., 50.

15. Ibid., 51.

16. Ibid., 52-53.

17. Charles Darwin to Leonard Horner, 29 August 1844, More Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 2, eds. Francis Darwin and A. C. Seward (New York: Appleton, 1911), 117.

18. Darwin, Life and Letters, vol. 1, 52.

19. Ibid., 68.

20. Frederick Burkhardt and Sydney Smith, eds., The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, vol. 1, 236, cited in David Stoddart, “Darwin and the Seeing Eye,” Earth Sciences History 14 (1995): 5. I’m indebted to this paper by Professor Stoddart for tracing and articulating much of the nature, history, and results of Darwin’s attraction to Lyell’s method, as well as for some of the quotes in this passage.

21. Burkhardt and Smith, Correspondence, vol. 1, 445.

22. Darwin, Life and Letters, vol. 1, 53.

23.

23. Ibid., 52.

24. Stoddart, “Darwin and the Seeing Eye,” 3.

25. Burkhardt and Smith, Correspondence, vol. 1, 232.

26. Ibid., 445.

27. Charles Darwin to J. S. Henslow, 18 April 1835, Darwin, More Letters, vol. 1, 20.

28. Darwin, Voyage, 320.

29. Charles Darwin to J. S. Henslow, 10-13 March 1835, Burkhardt and Smith, Correspondence, vol. 1, 436.

30. Charles Darwin to Caroline Darwin, 10-13 March 1835, Burk hardt and Smith, Correspondence, vol. 1, 434.

31. Both quotes 4 March 1835, Keynes, “Beagle” Diary, 302.

32. Ibid., 295.

33. 5 March 1835, ibid., 297.

34. Ibid., 302.

35. W. Knight, Facts and Observations Towards Forming a New Theory of the Earth(London, 1818), 258, 245, quoted in David Stoddart, “Darwin, Lyell, and the Geological Significance of Coral Reefs,” British Journal for the History of Science 9 (1976): 199.

36. Darwin, Voyage, 493.

37. Darwin, Life and Letters, vol. 1, 493-94

38. Ibid., 58.

39. Charles Darwin, Diary of the Voyage of the “Beagle,” ed. Nora Bar low (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934), 399-400.

40. Charles Lyell to John Herschel, 24 May 1837, quoted in Darwin, Life and Letters, vol. 1, 293.

41. Ibid., 294.

42. Quoted in John Judd, introduction to Charles Darwin, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, 1889, The Works of Charles Darwin, vol. 7, eds. Paul H. Barrett and R. B. Freeman (London: Pickering, 1986), 11.

43. Henry Holland, review of Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H.M.S. Fly, by J. B. Jukes, and The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, by C. R. Darwin, Quarterly Review 81 (1847): 468-500, reprinted as “Australia-Coral Reefs,” in Henry Holland, Essays on Scientific and Other Subjects(London, 1862), 350-385, cited in Stoddart, “Darwin, Lyell,” 207.

44. B. Hall, review of Narrative of the Voyages of H.M.S. “Adventure” and“Beagle,” by P. P. King, R. Fitzroy and C. R. Darwin, Edinburgh Review 69 (1839): 467-93, cited in Stoddart, “Darwin, Lyell,” 207-8.

45. Darwin, Life and Letters, 58.

46. The most direct discussion of the two theories’ similarities, to which I’m indebted for these parallels, is Howard Gruber and Valmai Gruber, “The Eye of Reason: Darwin’s Development During the Beagle Voyage,” Isis 53 (1962): 186-200.

47.

CHAPTER TEN: TO LIGHT: MURRAYS REEFS

1. Alexander Agassiz to Wolcott Gibbs, 3 March 1875, Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz, ed. George Agassiz (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 148.

2. Theodore Lyman diaries, 4 June 1876, Lyman Family Papers, 1785-1956, Massachusetts Historical Society (microfilm, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor).

3. Alexander Agassiz to John Murray, quoted in John Murray, “Alexander Agassiz: His Life and Scientific Work,” Science 33 (9 June 1911): 882.

CHAPTER ELEVEN: A QUESTION OF SCIENCE

1. Alexander Agassiz to Wyville Thomson, 23 January 1877, quoted in John Murray, “Alexander Agassiz: His Life and Scientific Work,” Science 33(9junei9ii):879.

2. James Dwight Dana, Corals and Coral Islands(New York: Putnam, 1872), 7; and On Coral Reefs and Islands(New York: Putnam, 1853), 89.

3. Charles Darwin, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, 1889, The Works of Charles Darwin, vol. 7, eds. Paul H. Barrett and R. B. Freeman (London: Pickering, 1986), 125.

4. The italics are Darwin’s.

5. James Dwight Dana, United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840,1841, 1842, Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Zoophytes(Philadelphia: Sherman, 1846), 83, 84.

6. Ernst Haeckel, Ziele und Wegeder heutigen Entwickelungsge-schichte(Goals and Paths in the History of Development Today)(Jena, Ger many: Dufft, 1875), 78-85. I’m grateful to Alice Colwell for translating this document.

7. Alexander Agassiz to Ernst Haeckel, 11 December 1875, MCZ Archives, as related in Mary Winsor, Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 54, note. I’m grateful to Dr. Winsor for drawing this reply to my attention.

8. Alexander Agassiz to Alexander Braun, 28 January 1874, Letter-books of Louis and Alexander Agassiz, vol. 5, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

CHAPTER TWELVE: ACCRUAL

1. John Murray, “On the Structure and Origin of Coral Reefs,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 10, no. 107 (1879-1880), 505-18. The same article also ran in Nature 26 (1880): 351-55. I’ve cited the latter in following quotations, since it’s easier to find.

2. Murray, “Structure and Origin,” 353.

3. Charles Lyell, notebook entry for 30 June 1856, Sir Charles Lyell’s Scientific Journals on the Species Question, ed. L. G. Wilson (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1970), 108, cited in David Stoddart, “Darwin, Lyell, and the Geological Significance of Coral Reefs,” British Journal for the History of Science 9 (1976): 212.

4. Alexander Agassiz to Charles Darwin, 16 April 1881, Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz, ed. George Agassiz (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), 281-82.

5. Charles Darwin, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, 1889, The Works of Charles Darwin, vol. 7, eds. Paul H. Barrett and R. B. Freeman (London: Pickering, 1986), 266.

6. Charles Darwin to Alexander Agassiz, 5 May 1881, More Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 2, eds. Francis Darwin and A. C. Seward (New York: Appleton, 1903), 197-98.

7. Alexander Agassiz to Charles Darwin, Agassiz, Letters and Recollections, 285.

8. Alexander Agassiz to James Dwight Dana, 7 April 1885, Agassiz Letterbooks, vol. 7A (1880-1885), Houghton Library, Harvard University.

9. Gilbert Bourne, “The Atoll of Diego Garcia and the Coral Formations of the Indian Ocean,” Nature, 5 April 1888: 546-50; and H. B. Guppy, “Notes on the Characters and Mode of Formation of the Coral Reefs of the Solomon Islands,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1885-1886, 857-904.

10. James Dwight Dana, “Origin of Coral Reefs and Islands,” American Journal of Science 30 (August/September 1885): 171.

11. Ibid., 190.

12. Mary Winsor’s Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991) evocatively describes this lab and its workings on pp. 198-12.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN: “A CONSPIRACY OF SILENCE”

1. Leonard Huxley, Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, 2 vols. (London: John Murray, 1918), quoted in David Stoddart, “The Duke, the Professors, and the Great Coral Reef Controversy of 1887-1888,” Earth Sciences History 7 (1988): 92. Professor Stoddart’s paper remains the best account of the controversy, and I’m grateful to him both for pulling together the many threads of this story and for his many insights, such as the Duke’s being ahead of his time in making the point that science, as both a social and an intellectual enterprise, was vulnerable to errors driven by personalities and politics.

2. W. S. Lilly, “Materialism and Morality,” Fortnightly Review 40 (1887): 575-94; Thomas H. Huxley, “Science and Morals,” Fortnightly

3.

Review 40 (1887): 788-802; and “Scientific and Pseudo-scientific Realism,” Nineteenth Century 21 (1887): 191-205; Duke of Argyll, “Professor Huxley on Canon Liddon,” Nineteenth Century 21 (1887): 321-39; and Thomas H. Huxley, “Science and Pseudo-science,” Nineteenth Century 21 (1887): 481-98. All quotes and citations here are as quoted in David Stoddart, “Coral Reef Controversy,” 90-98.

3. Susan Schlee, The Edge of an Unfamiliar World: A History of Oceanography(New York: Dutton, 1973), 162.

4. John W. Judd to Thomas H. Huxley, 10 October 1887, Thomas Huxley, “Science and the Bishops,” Nineteenth Century 21 (1887): 625-41.

5. Thomas H. Huxley, “The Duke of Argyll’s Charges Against Men of Science,” Nature 37 (9 February 1888): 342.

6. William J. Wharton, “Coral Formations,” Nature 37 (1888): 393-95; Gregory C. Bourne, “Coral Formations,” Nature 37 (1888): 414-15; and Henry B. Guppy, “Coral Formations,” Nature 37 (1888): 462.

7. Guppy, “Coral Formations,” 462.

8. Alexander Agassiz, Three Cruises of the “Blake,” vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1888), 78.

9. Alexander Agassiz, “The Coral Reefs of the Hawaiian Islands,” Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 17(1889): 125.

10. Ibid., 133,141.

11. Ibid., 138.

12. Ibid., 136.

13. Ibid., 121.

14. Ibid., 132.

15. Alexander Agassiz to Carl Semper, 12 April 1888, Letterbooks of Louis and Alexander Agassiz, vol. 9, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

16. James Dwight Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, 3d ed. (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1890), 309.

17. Thomas G. Bonney, “Summary of the Principal Contributions to the History of Coral Reefs Since the Year 1874,” appendix 2 in Charles Dar win, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reef, 1889, The Works of Charles Darwin, vol. 7, eds. Paul H. Barrett and R. B. Freeman (London: Pickering, 1986).

18. John W. Judd, introduction to Darwin, Structure and Distribution.

19. Alexander Agassiz to Carl Semper, 12 April 1888, Agassiz Letter-books. vol. 9.

20. Alexander Agassiz to John Murray, n.d. December 1887, Agassiz Letterbooks, vol. 9.

CHAPTER FOURTEEN: TO SEA

1. James Dwight Dana, “Origin of Coral Reefs and Islands,” Amerian Journal of Science, o(August/September 1885): 99.

2. James Dwight Dana, On Coral Reefs and Islands(New York: Putnam, 1853), 98.

3. Alexander Agassiz, “The Islands and Coral Reefs of Fiji,” Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 33 (1899): 1-167, plus plates: 72.

4. Ibid., 47.

5. Alexander Agassiz to John Murray, 16 May 1897, Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz, ed. George Agassiz (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 323.

6. Alexander Agassiz to John Murray, 16 May 1896, Agassiz, Letters and Recollections, 317.

7. Agassiz, “Islands and Coral Reefs of Fiji,” 16.

8. Ibid., 15.

9. Agassiz, Letters and Recollections, 337.

10. Agassiz, “Islands and Coral Reefs of Fiji,” 91.

11. Ibid., 15.

12. Ibid., 337.

13. Dana, On Coral Reefs, no.

14. Alexander Agassiz to John Murray, 3 December 1897, Agassiz, Letters and Recollections, 328-29, 330.

15. Agassiz to unspecified recipient, December 1899, ibid., 334.

16. Alexander Agassiz to Wolcott Gibbs, 15 December 1897, ibid., 333.

17. Alexander Agassiz to unspecified recipient, January 1888, ibid., 336.

18. Agassiz, “Islands and Coral Reefs of Fiji.”

19. Ibid., 135.

20. Ibid., 144.

21. Ibid., 109.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN: THE LAST ARCHIPELAGO

1. Alexander Agassiz to unspecified recipient, 15 September 1899, Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz, ed. George Agassiz (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 354.

2. Alexander Agassiz to unspecified recipient, n.d. November 1899, ibid., 364.

3. Ibid., 358.

4. Ibid., 362.

5. Ibid., 368.

6. Alexander Agassiz, “The Coral Reefs of the Maldives,” Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 29 (1903): 11.

CHAPTER SIXTEEN: A CONNECTED ACCOUNT

1. Alexander Agassiz, “On the Formation of Barrier Reefs and of the Different Types of Atolls,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 71 (1903): 413.

2. See, for instance, J. Stanley Gardiner, “The Formation of Coral Reefs,” Nature 69 (18 February 1904): 371-73.

3. Alexander Agassiz to Ernst Ehlers, 2 February 1903, Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz, ed. George Agassiz (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 408.

4. Quoted in John Murray, “Alexander Agassiz: His Life and Work,” Science, no. 858 (9 June 1911): 882.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: ENIWETOK

1. “Coral Reefs,” Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911 ed., available at http://1911encyclopedia.0rg/c/co/coral.htm.

2. J. Stanley Gardiner, “The Formation of Coral Reefs,” Nature 69 (18 February 1904): 373.

3. Harry S. Ladd and J. Edward Hoffmeister, “A Criticism of the Glacial-Control Theory,” Journal of Geology 44 (1936): 74-92.

4. J. Stanley Gardiner, Coral Reefs and Atolls(London: Macmillan, 1931.

5. William D. Davis, “Coral Reefs,” Encyclopedia Britannica 1950.

6. Reginald A. Daly, “Pleistocene Glaciation and the Coral Reef Problem,” American Journal of Science 30 (1910): 298.

7. Ibid., 308.

8. Arthur Holmes, “Coral Reefs and the Ice Age,” Geographical Jour nal 48 (16 November 1916): 414-15.

9. Alexander Agassiz to Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, 16 October 1899, Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz, ed. George Agassiz (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 362.

10. Alexander Agassiz to John Murray, 3 May 1904, in Alexander Agassiz Letterbooks, vol. 14, Houghton Library, Harvard University.