Cleansing Rites of Curanderismo: Limpias Espirituales of Ancient Mesoamerican Shamans - Erika Buenaflor M.A. J.D. 2018
Endnotes
AN INTRODUCTION TO LIMPIAS AND CURANDERISMO
1. Gonzalez, Red Medicine, 4.
2. Gonzalez, Red Medicine, xxv, 14—16, 22; Kehoe, Shamans and Religion, 25—33.
3. Torres, Healing with Herbs and Rituals, 5; Avila and Parker, Woman Who Glows in the Dark, 22—29; Trotter and Chavira, Curanderismo, 25—40.
4. Torres, Healing with Herbs and Rituals, 5; Avila and Parker, Woman Who Glows in the Dark, 16, 25; Trotter and Chavira, Curanderismo, 28, 29.
5. Ortiz de Montellano, Aztec, Medicine, Health, and Nutrition, 30; Foster, George M., “Hippocrates’ Latin American Legacy,” 4—8.
6. Ortiz de Montellano, Aztec, Medicine, Health, and Nutrition, 26, 31—32, citing Hernández, Francisco, Obras Completas, 1:323.
7. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 10:154.
8. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 10:158.
9. Sahagún, Primeros Memoriales, 281.
10. Ortiz de Montellano, Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition, 32—33.
11. Echeverría García, “Tonalli, Naturaleza Fría y Personalidad Temerosa,” 178—80; Maffie, Aztec Philosophy, 195—96, 212—14, 270—72; López-Austin, Cuerpo Humano e Ideología, 197, 262.
12. Maffie, Aztec Philosophy, 270—72; Furst, The Natural History of the Soul in Ancient Mexico, 64—66.
13. Echeverría García, “Tonalli, Naturaleza Fría y Personalidad Temerosa,” 185—90, 194; Maffie, Aztec Philosophy, 195—96, 212—14, 270—72.
2. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND
1. Burkhart, “Mexica Women on the Home Front,” 37, citing Durán, Historia de las Indias, 2:164—65.
2. Stuart, “The Fire Enters His House,” 395; Guiteras-Holmes, Perils of the Soul, 111.
3. Stuart, Order of Days, 114.
4. Stuart, Order of Days, 159.
5. Quauhtlehuanitzin, Codex Chimalpahin, 2:19, 31.
6. Burkhart, “Mexica Women on the Home Front,” 340, n.1; Clendinnen, Aztecs, 1; León-Portilla, Aztec Thought and Culture, xix.
7. Aguilar-Moreno,Handbook to Life in the Aztec World, xiii; Smith, The Aztecs, 61.
8. Soustelle, Daily Life of the Aztecs, 211—13.
9. Taube, Karl A., Legendary Past, 49.
10. Durán, Book of the Gods, 72.
11. Byland, The Codex Borgia, xv.
12. Marcos, Taken from the Lips, 94—98.
13. León-Portilla, Aztec Thought and Culture, 84.
14. León-Portilla, Aztec Thought and Culture, 89, 93.
15. Taube, Karl A., Legendary Past, 31.
16. McCafferty and McCafferty, “The Metamorphosis of Xochiquetzal,” 103.
17. McCafferty and McCafferty, “Spinning and Weaving,” 28.
18. McCafferty and McCafferty, “Spinning and Weaving,” 28; Sullivan, “Tlazolteotl-Ixcuina,” 19, 22, 26.
19. Klein, “None of the Above,” 207; McCafferty and McCafferty, “The Metamorphosis of Xochiquetzal,” 103.
20. León-Portilla, Aztec Thought and Culture, 89, 93—99.
21. Durán, Book of the Gods, 395.
22. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:137.
23. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:141.
24. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:138, Illustration 102.
25. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 142.
26. Hernández, Christine, “Yearbearer Pages,” 391.
27. Miller and Taube, Illustrated Dictionary, 48.
28. Aguilar-Moreno, Handbook to Life in the Aztec World, 87—89.
29. Aguilar-Moreno, Handbook to Life in the Aztec World, 89—91, 354—55, 360; Gonzalez, Red Medicine, 203; Soustelle, Daily Life of the Aztecs, 51, 52; Smith, The Aztecs, 260; Ortiz de Montellano, Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition, 152.
30. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:101.
31. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:43.
32. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 10:30, 53.
33. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 10:135.
34. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 10:168.
35. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 3:163.
36. Taube, Karl A., Legendary Past, 27.
37. Smith,The Aztecs, 59; Aguilar-Moreno, Handbook to Life in the Aztec World, xiv, xix.
38. Stuart, Order of Days, 51.
39. Stuart, Order of Days, 51.
40. Taube, Rhonda, “The Ideal and the Symbolic,” 348.
41. Martin and Grube, Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens, 8—9.
42. Foster, Lynn V., Life in the Ancient Maya World, 329.
43. Martin and Grube, Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens, 8—9.
44. Foster, Lynn V., Life in the Ancient Maya World, 3.
45. Taube, Karl A., Legendary Past, 52.
46. Taube, Karl A., Major Gods of Ancient Yucatan, 8.
47. Taube, Karl A., Legendary Past, 52.
48. Arden, “Mending the Past,” 31—33.
49. De Landa, Yucatan, 5, 56, 72.
50. Taube, Karl A., The Major Gods of Ancient Yucatan, 64.
51. Taube, Karl A., The Major Gods of Ancient Yucatan, 68; Ciaramella, “The Lady with the Snake Headdress,” 203; Arden, “Mending the Past,” 31.
52. Stuart, Order of Days, 168; Taube, Karl A., “Ancient Maya Calendrics,” 17.
53. Martin and Grube, Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens, 12.
54. Taube, Karl A., “Ancient Maya Calendrics,” 17.
55. Taube, Karl A., “Ancient Maya Calendrics,” 20.
56. Stuart, Order of Days, 156.
57. Stuart, Order of Days, 156.
58. Stuart, Order of Days, 155.
59. Miller and Taube, Illustrated Dictionary, 48.
60. Stuart, Order of Days, 154.
61. Miller and Taube, Illustrated Dictionary, 49.
62. Stuart, Order of Days, 152.
63. De Landa, Yucatan, 12.
64. Roys, Ritual of the Bacabs, 168—71; Foster, Lynn V., Life in the Ancient Maya World, 155.
65. De Landa, Yucatan, 13.
3. PRE- AND POSTCONTACT TEXTS
1. Byland, Codex Borgia, xiv.
2. Vail and Aveni, “Research Methodologies,” 2.
3. Taube, Karl A., Major Gods, 1.
4. Taube, Karl A., Major Gods, 2.
5. Taube, Karl A., Major Gods, 3.
6. Vail and Aveni, “Research Methodologies,” 17.
7. Vail and Aveni, “Maya Calendars and Dates,” 140; Vail and Bricker, “Haab Dates,” 211; Vail, “Reinterpretation of Tzolk’in Almanacs,” 218—20.
8. Vail, “Reinterpretation of Tzolk’in Almanacs,” 226.
9. Vail, “Reinterpretation of Tzolk’in Almanacs,” 224.
10. Byland, Codex Borgia, xiv—xv.
11. Byland, Codex Borgia, xv.
12. Hernández, Christine, “Yearbearer Pages,” 356.
13. Pohl, “Screenfold Manuscripts,” 391.
14. Hernández, Christine, “Yearbearer Pages,” 328.
15. Byland, Codex Borgia, xiv—xv.
16. Schroeder, “Writing Two Cultures,” 15.
17. Schroeder, “Writing Two Cultures,” 18.
18. Vickery, Bartolomé de las Casas, 19.
19. Schroeder, “Introduction,” 6.
20. Schroeder, “Introduction,” 75.
21. Schroeder, “Introduction,” 76.
22. Clendinnen, Aztecs, 8.
23. Nicholson, “Fray Bernardino de Sahagún,” 28—31.
24. López-Austin, “Research Method of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún,” 115—18.
25. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, introductions and indices, 16.
26. Durán, Book of the Gods, 37.
27. Durán, Book of the Gods, 37—38.
28. Durán, Book of the Gods, 31, 40.
29. Durán, Book of the Gods, 54, 386.
30. De Landa, Yucatan, iii.
31. De Landa, Yucatan, xi.
32. De Landa, Yucatan, v.
33. De Landa, Yucatan, 25.
4. PLATICAS
1. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:5, 7, 29, 38, 41, 43, 51, 53, 63, 66, 69.
2. Burkhart, Slippery Earth, 61—62, 92, 171—77.
3. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 1:8—11.
4. Taube, Karl A., Legendary Past, 32.
5. Taube, Karl A., “Through a Glass, Brightly,” 286—89; Olivier, Mockeries and Metamorphoses, 14—15.
6. Durán, Book of the Gods, 98—99.
7. Durán, Book of the Gods, 98—99, 330, plate 8.
8. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:37.
9. Durán, Book of the Gods, 100—101.
10. Durán, Book of the Gods, 261.
11. Durán, Book of the Gods, 100—101.
12. León-Portilla, Aztec Thought and Culture, 77; Ixtlilxóchitl, Obras completas,2:243.
13. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:43.
14. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:208.
15. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:95.
16. Burkhart, Slippery Earth, 61—62, 92, 171—77.
17. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 1:8—11.
18. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:34.
19. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:34.
20. De Landa, Yucatan, 45—46.
21. De Landa, Yucatan, 42—43.
22. De Landa, Yucatan, 43—44.
23. Roys, Ritual of the Bacabs, xvii—xxv.
24. León-Portilla et al., In the Language of Kings, 398; Tedlock, Popol Vuh, 527—50.
5. FIRE LIMPIAS
1. Stuart, “The Fire Enters His House,” 375, 417—18; Taube, Karl A., “Flower Mountain,” 72—73.
2. Benevente o Motolinía, Historia de los Indios, 29, 57.
3. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:138.
4. Hamann, “Chronological Pollution,” 803—6.
5. Sahagún, Primeros Memoriales, 153.
6. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4 and 5:143—4.
7. Stuart, Order of Days, 45; Taube, Karl A., “Temple of Quetzalcoatl,” 81.
8. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4 and 5:143—44.
9. Hernández, Christine, “Yearbearer Pages,” 357; referencing Taube, Karl A., “Bilimek Pulque Vessel,” 1—15.
10. Byland, Codex Borgia, xxiii—xxiv.
11. Byland, Codex Borgia, xxv.
12. Taube, Karl A., “Temple of Quetzalcoatl,” 81.
13. Byland, Codex Borgia, xxvi.
14. Scherer, Mortuary Landscapes, 133.
15. Taube, Karl A., “Through a Glass, Brightly,” 293—4, 306.
16. Garibay, “Historia de los Mexicanos por sus pinturas,” 33.
17. Durán, Book of the Gods, 262; Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:88.
18. Durán, Book of the Gods, 262.
19. Durán, Book of the Gods, 442.
20. Vail and Bricker, “Haab Dates,” 223—4.
21. De Landa, Yucatan, 70.
22. De Landa, Yucatan, 70—1.
23. De Landa, Yucatan, 72.
24. Stuart, “The Fire Enters His House,” 375, 417—8.
25. Taube, Karl A., “The Jade Hearth,” 427, 448.
26. Stuart, “The Fire Enters His House,” 418.
27. Velásquez García, “The Maya Flood Myth,” 4; Stuart, “Blood Symbolism in Maya Iconography,” 195; Taube, Karl A., “Study of Classic Maya Scaffold Sacrifice,” 340—50; Proskouriakoff, “Historical Implications,” 455.
28. Stuart and Stuart, Palenque, 226—8.
29. Stuart, “The Fire Enters His House,” 393; see Vogt, Zinacantan, 461—5.
30. Stuart, “The Fire Enters His House,” 393; see Guiteras-Holmes, Perils of the Soul, 26.
31. Hawkins and McDonald, “Prologue,” 3—6.
32. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:195, 211; 4—5:29; 10:94; Durán, Book of the Gods, 264—5; De Landa, Yucatan, 45.
6. WATER LIMPIAS
1. Kristan-Graham, “Building Memories at Tula,” 94; Fash, “Watery Places and Urban Foundations,” 232.
2. Miller and Taube, Illustrated Dictionary, 79—80.
3. Soustelle, Daily Life of the Aztecs, 129.
4. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:139.
5. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4 and 5:69; Durán, Book of the Gods, 264.
6. Miller and Taube, Illustrated Dictionary, 183—84; Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:175.
7. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:176.
8. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:197—99.
9. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:197—99.
10. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:197—9.
11. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:53.
12. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:2, 5.
13. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:114.
14. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:117.
15. Durán, Book of the Gods, 264.
16. Durán, Book of the Gods, 264—5.
17. Durán, Book of the Gods, 124—5.
18. Gonzalez, Red Medicine, 202.
19. Durán, Book of the Gods, 245.
20. Durán, Book of the Gods, 245, 266.
21. Durán, Book of the Gods, 266.
22. Durán, Book of the Gods, 245.
23. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:132.
24. Durán, Book of the Gods, 269; Benevente o Motolinía, Historia, 114.
25. Benevente o Motolinía, Historia, 114.
26. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:141—42.
27. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:185.
28. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:232.
29. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:257.
30. Durán, Book of the Gods, 269—72; Aguilar-Moreno, Handbook to Life in the Aztec World, 53.
31. Durán, Book of the Gods, 269—72.
32. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:81.
33. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:149—50, 155.
34. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:149—50, 155.
35. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:69; Durán, Book of the Gods, 267.
36. De Landa, Yucatan, 56.
37. De Landa, Yucatan, 45.
38. De Landa, Yucatan, 43.
39. De Landa, Yucatan, 43.
40. De Landa, Yucatan, 44.
41. De Landa, Yucatan, 45.
42. De Landa, Yucatan, 45; Miller and Taube, Illustrated Dictionary, 184.
43. Taube, Karl A., “Flower Mountain,” 92.
44. De Landa, Yucatan, 33, 53.
45. De Landa, Yucatan, 53.
46. Aldana, Apotheosis, 137—40; Houston, “What Will Not Happen.”
47. Aldana, Apotheosis, 137, 141.
48. Miller and Taube, Illustrated Dictionary, 58.
49. Fitzsimmons, Death and the Classic Maya Kings, 49—50.
50. Fitzsimmons, Death and the Classic Maya Kings, 35, 68.
51. Fitzsimmons, Death and the Classic Maya Kings, 49—50.
52. León-Portilla et al., In the Language of Kings, 433.
7. SWEEPING
1. Soustelle, Daily Life of the Aztecs, 32—33; Benevente o Motolinía, Historia de los Indios, 162.
2. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:43.
3. Burkhart, “Mexica Women,” 33—34.
4. Maffie, Aztec Philosophy, 281—3; Burkhart, “Mexica Women,” 33—4.
5. Burkhart, The Slippery Earth, 76, 120.
6. Burkhart, The Slippery Earth, 120; Taube, Karl A., Legendary Past, 47.
7. León-Portilla et al., In the Language of Kings, 62.
8. Keber, Codex Telleriano-Remensics, 143—44.
9. Gonzalez, Red Medicine, 94, 98.
10. Burkhart, The Slippery Earth, 117—24; Burkhart, “Mexica Women on the Home Front,” 34.
11. Durán, Book of the Gods, 346.
12. McCafferty and McCafferty, “Spinning and Weaving,” 28.
13. Burkhart, The Slippery Earth, 26.
14. Sahagún, Primeros Memoriales, 2:57.
15. Dibble and Anderson, “The Ancient Word,” 75.
16. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:88, 121.
17. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:142.
18. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 6:167.
19. Burkhart, “Mexica Women,” 35; Garibay, “Historia de los Mexicanos,” 36—37.
20. Burkhart, “Mexica Women,” 37, citing Durán, Historia de las Indias, 164—65.
21. Burkhart, “Mexica Women,” 33.
22. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:218.
23. Burkhart, Slippery Earth, 118.
24. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:211; Kellogg, “From Parallel and Equivalent,” 132.
25. Sahagún, Primeros Memoriales, 40.
26. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 10:190.
27. Durán, Book of the Gods, 447.
28. Durán, Book of the Gods, 449.
29. Burkhart, Slippery Earth, 120—21.
30. Durán, Book of the Gods, 232.
31. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:119; Durán, Book of the Gods, 232—33.
32. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 2:119.
33. Burkhart, Slippery Earth, 117—18.
34. Sahagún, Florentine Codex, 4—5:138.
35. Hamann, “Chronological Pollution,” 803—6.
36. Foster, Lynn V., Handbook to Life in the Ancient Mayan World, 189, 253.
37. De Landa, Yucatan, 70.
38. De Landa, Yucatan, 43—44.
39. De Landa, Yucatan, 44.
40. Grube and Werner, “A Sign for the Syllable mi,” 22; Barrera Vásquez, Diccionario Cordemex, 523.
41. Grube and Werner, “A Sign for the Syllable mi,” 22; Love, Maya Shamanism Today, 21, 28.
42. León-Portilla et al.,In the Language of Kings, 398; Tedlock, Popol Vuh, 253n92.
43. Edmonson, Ancient Future of the Itza, 35—36, 100; Gossen, “On the Human Condition,” 420.
44. Christenson, The Burden of the Ancients, 27.
45. León-Portilla et al., In the Language of Kings, 570—1.
46. Aulie et al., Diccionarie Ch’ol-Español de Tumbalá, 73.
47. Maffie, Aztec Philosophy, 286—7.
48. Taube, Karl A., “Flower Mountain,” 69—70, 87—8, 92.
8. SACRED SPACES
1. Burkhart, “Flowery Heaven,” 99; Taube, Karl A., “Flower Mountain,” 88.
2. Benevente o Motolinía, Historia de los Indios, 30—33.
3. Benevente o Motolinía, Historia de los Indios, 31.
4. Burkhart, “Mexica Women on the Home Front,” 164—65.
5. Durán, Book of the Gods, 149.
6. Durán, Book of the Gods, 427.
7. Ashmore, “Site-Planning Principles,” 200.
8. Miller and Taube, Illustrated Dictionary, 56—57, 119—21.
9. Brady and Ashmore, “Mountains, Caves, Water,” 132.
10. Brady and Ashmore, “Mountains, Caves, Water,” 129—30.
11. Stuart, “The Fire Enters His House,” 417.
12. Taube, Karl A., “Flower Mountain,” 70—72.
13. Taube, Karl A., “Flower Mountain,” 83—86.
14. Kristan-Graham and Amrhein, “Preface,” xx.
15. Stuart, Order of Days, 81.
16. Stuart, Order of Days, 77.
17. Stuart, Order of Days, 79—80.
18. Stuart, Order of Days, xix.
19. Stuart, Order of Days, 78.
20. Stuart, “The Fire Enters His House,” 395.
21. Stuart, “The Fire Enters His House,” 395; Carlsen and Prechtel, “The Flowering of the Dead,” 39.
22. De Landa, Yucatan, 43—44.
23. Solari, “Plaza, Atrium, and Maya Social Memory,” 198—99.