Cultivating Carnivorous Plants (2015)
PINGUICULA
Pinguicula false ‘John Rizzi’
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CULTIVATING CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
Butterworts, Pinguicula, are among
the most widespread yet least studied of
all the carnivorous plants. Although they
do
not
frequently
capture
the
imagination in the same way as pitcher
plants or sundews, butterworts are
among the most fascinating of all
carnivorous plants.
For the most part, butterworts are
small rosetted plants, typically a few
inches (up to 10 centimeters) in diameter,
with leaves that feel greasy to the touch.
Much like sundews, the greasy leaves are
covered by minute, sticky glands. The
glands are so small that they are only
sticky to very small insects, about the size
of gnats, and other tiny prey creatures.
The prey supplement the nutrients
supplied by the plant’s thin, weak root
system.
The root systems of all known
butterworts anchor the plant to its
chosen media, whether boggy peat or
hard gypsum. Most species grow in
incredibly inhospitable climates, and the
majority of their growth focuses on areas
of the plant that lead to greater nutrient
capture (the leaves) or flower stalks. A
few species have flowers larger than the
entirety of the remainder of the plant.
Flowers are the only way to discern
the different species of butterworts.
Although some species, such as Pinguicula
gypsicola, are fairly distinctive in terms of
leaf structure, classical differentiation
depends upon flowers. Most have five-
lobed flowers, many of which are
pollinated by the proboscises of flying
insects, but some species are pollinated
Pinguicula ehlersiae x oblongata
by hummingbirds.
Classifying butterworts into sections is difficult because much is still unknown about many species. For
horticultural convenience, I divided them into the following growing groups:
✵
Temperate: These species experience cold winter temperatures. To survive being buried by snow
and pummeled by ice, these species form winter buds, hibernaculum, which must be kept cool,
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slightly moist, and well-ventilated, to survive until spring. Failing to give these species a cold resting
period will result in their demise.
✵
Subtemperate: These species include such “tropical” species as Pinguicula lutea, which can be found
as far south as central Florida, and “temperate” species as Pinguicula balcanica, which can be found in
the mountains of the Balkans. Although a few of these species produce hibernaculum, many do not.
All experience a cool, near freezing winter dormant period, and produce prolific blooms in spring.
They should not experience temperatures as cold as temperate species do, but they still must
experience a winter dormancy.
✵
Mexican: Most butterworts are from Mexico. They are most likely the largest group of Pinguicula,
and consist of the fewest classified species. As of yet, many species are unclassified, known only as
Pinguicula species “location” or lumped into another species group ( Pinguicula moranensis seems a popular
choice). Unfortunately, the extensive fieldwork that needs to be completed on this group of Pinguicula
before they can be fully classified cannot be undertaken until the geopolitical climate of Mexico
becomes less dangerous.
✵
Caribbean: These species are, with few exceptions, not in cultivation. A few Cuban species have
entered cultivation (if only in Cuba), but most have not. As a consequence, giving cultivation
guidelines for these species is difficult; however, since most come from cloud rainforests, they likely
would grow well alongside highland Nepenthes or many epiphytic Utricularia.
In Cultivation
Pinguicula ‘Aphrodite’
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CULTIVATING CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
Temperate Pinguicula
Temperate Pinguicula are the easiest
species for growers in cold regions that
see lots of snowfall. Plants can be placed
outdoors and will naturally track the
seasons. For growers in warmer
climates, special precautions must be
taken to ensure that these species
experience enough cold over a long
enough period to survive into the next
year. Frequently, this is not possible.
In the wild, many grow several
thousand feet (several hundred meters)
above sea level, among moss, on damp,
calciferous cliffs. These cliffs frequently
receive their moisture from rainwater
runoff and snowmelt, although some are
wetted by other internal forces of the
mountains.
P. grandiflora
This often purple-flowered species
has several subspecies or varieties, based
on location and flower-color. Much like
Pinguicula vulgaris, this European native
does well in a standard carnivorous plant
mix and is challenging for those living in
warmer climates. The easiest way to
overwinter this species indoors is by
dusting the hibernaculum with fungicide
before placing in the refrigerator.
Pinguicula vulgaris in the wild.30
P. vulgaris
This widespread species can often be found in moss on calciferous stone. In cultivation, it does well in a
standard carnivorous plant mix. The real difficulty in cultivating this species comes with winter dormancy,
although keeping summer temperatures below 85° F (29° C) can be a challenge in warmer climates.
Winter dormancy for Pinguicula vulgaris is nearly six months long, and this can be a major challenge for
growers who do not live in cold climates or cannot grow this species outside. Although it is possible to store
the hibernaculum, the winter buds, of this species in the refrigerator, it is not recommended as it is very easy
for fungus to kill the hibernaculum.
My standard growing guide for temperate Pinguicula follows:
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✵
Media: Temperate Pinguicula are often grown in a mix of one part sphagnum peat to one part sand or
perlite, and this appears to work well for most species. It may be advantageous to add some
calcareous stone, such as limestone, to the mix.
✵
Moisture: Watering via the tray method, and always keeping some water in the tray, is probably the
easiest way to meet the moisture requirements of temperate Pinguicula during the growing season.
During dormancy, soil should remain moist, but not soaking in order to prevent rot.
✵
Humidity: Temperate Pinguicula are not as picky about humidity as Mexican Pinguicula.
✵
Pot Size: Pots should be larger than the plant in diameter, but do not need to be very deep. Few
Pinguicula have deep roots.
✵
Feeding: Feeding temperate Pinguicula will encourage growth and the production of multiple
hibernaculum, an easy way to acquire more Pinguicula. Plants grown outdoors will capture enough
small insects on their own that supplemental feeding is not necessary. Plants grown indoors should
be fed crushed up insects.
✵
Temperature: Temperate Pinguicula can tolerate a wide range of above-freezing temperatures during
the growing season, but care should be taken to try to restrict their upper limit to 85° F (29° C). In
winter, temperate Pinguicula need to experience a cold dormancy period lasting several months.
✵
Dormancy: Dormancy is required for temperate Pinguicula. In cold climates, plants can be left
outdoors, but in warmer climates, plants should be dug up after forming hibernaculum in mid-
autumn. These hibernaculum should be wrapped in a damp paper towel, placed in a plastic bag, and
put in a refrigerator for several months.
✵
Propagation: Temperate Pinguicula can be propagated via the following methods:
o
Division: The easiest way to propagate temperate Pinguicula is to divide the smaller
hibernaculum that commonly form around the larger hibernaculum from the larger
hibernaculum.
o
Seed: Temperate Pinguicula may be propagated via seed. Fresh seed should be sewn on a
suitable media and cold stratified for six weeks. The easiest way to do this is to cover the pot
with plastic wrap and place in the refrigerator for six weeks.
o
Leaf Pullings: Leaf pullings are a remarkably easy method of propagation, although they are
less successful with temperate Pinguicula than with Mexican Pinguicula. As with other leaf
pullings, pull leaf from its base and place on an appropriate medium, covering the part that
joins the plant with a little media. In a few weeks, a small plantlet should appear near the
base of the plant.
Subtemperate Pinguicula
Subtemperate Pinguicula are among the easiest carnivorous
plants to grow. Many, no matter their original location, can be
grown alongside Sarracenia and Dionaea. In fact, a few species, e.g.
Pinguicula caerulea and Pinguicula lutea are often found alongside
Sarracenia in the wild.
Subtemperate Pinguicula rarely form hibernaculum and
should be protected from the harsh effects of winter. Most will
do well with a cool resting period just above freezing for about a
month. During summer, temperatures for many subtemperate
species can reach 90° F (32° C) or more. As such, most growers
should be able to grow subtemperate Pinguicula without too much
of an issue.
Pinguicula caerulea
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CULTIVATING CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
P. caerulea / P. lutea
The only difference most growers will notice between these two, large species is flower color. Pinguicula
caerulea has blue flowers, whereas Pinguicula lutea has yellow flowers. Both are native to the southeastern
United States and often inhabit the sandy slopes of roadside ditches. In the wild, these species are easiest to
spot during summer, when their bright flowers rise above the grasses in small clusters.
In cultivation, these two species face the same hazard - over-flowering. Healthy plants will flower one to
three times per season. Unhealthy plants will typically flower many more times in an attempt to successfully
set seed. Typically, over flowering is caused by conditions which are too wet. In the wild, both species will
often see afternoon rainstorms in the summer which will occasionally flood their habitats. This flooding often
subsides within an hour, as soon as the water percolates through sandy soil.
P. corsica
Pinguicula corsica in the wild.
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Pinguicula corisca is found in the
damp, subalpine and alpine meadows of
Corsica. It is found nowhere else in the
world. As with other alpine species,
such as Pinguicula macroceras, it often
inhabits damp areas around springs and
lakes, near the timberline. Like Pinguicula
macroceras, Pinguicula corsica grows from
areas that see little snow to areas that
see up to seven months of snow.
Successful cultivation of Pinguicula
corsica does not seem to depend on
growing on a granite substrate, although
that does appear to increase success
rates.
Unlike
other
subtemperate
Pinguicula, Pinguicula corsica requires a cold
winter, although not a bitterly cold one,
Pinguicula pumila in the wild.
unlike Pinguicula vulgaris.
P. lusitanica / P. pumila
These two miniature species are among the easiest subtemperate Pinguicula to grow. Both are annuals,
often forming small clumps of plants from offshoots that spring from the edges of their deeply curved leaves.
Both flower profusely throughout their growing seasons.
In cultivation, the biggest challenge is pollinating the flowers. If grown outside, bees and other insects
will pollinate the flowers for growers in most areas. If grown indoors, a toothpick may be used to pollinate
the flowers.
My standard growing guide for subtemperate Pinguicula follows:
✵
Media: Most subtemperate Pinguicula can be grown in a mix of one part sphagnum peat to one part
sand. For species native to areas with calcareous rock base, it may be advantageous to add some
calcareous stone to the mix. Other species, such as Pinguicula lutea, which is native to the coastal plain
of the southeast United States, would likely benefit from an additional portion of sand.
✵
Moisture: Watering via the tray method, and always keeping some water in the tray is probably the
easiest way to meet the moisture requirements of subtemperate Pinguicula during the growing season.
During dormancy, soil should remain moist, but not soaking in order to prevent rot.
✵
Humidity: Subtemperate Pinguicula are not as picky about humidity as Mexican Pinguicula.
✵
Pot Size: Pots should be larger than the plant in diameter, but do not need to be very deep. Few
Pinguicula have deep roots.
✵
Feeding: Feeding temperate Pinguicula will encourage growth and the production of multiple
hibernaculum, an easy way to acquire more Pinguicula. Plants grown outdoors will capture enough
small insects on their own that supplemental feeding is not necessary. Plants grown indoors should
be fed crushed up insects.
✵
Temperature: Temperate Pinguicula can tolerate a wide range of above-freezing temperatures during
the growing season, but care should be taken to try to restrict their upper limit to 85° F (29° C). In
winter, temperate Pinguicula need to experience a cold dormancy period lasting several months.
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CULTIVATING CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
✵
Dormancy: A cool dormancy is required for subtemperate Pinguicula. Temperatures should average
40° F (4° C) during dormancy.
✵
Propagation: Subtemperate Pinguicula can be propagated via the following methods:
o
Division: Many subtemperate Pinguicula will produce new plantlets at the tips of their leaves
throughout the growing season. After the plantlets have put on a little size, it is advisable to
remove them from the parent plant and pot them up on their own.
o
Seed: Subtemperate Pinguicula may be propagated via seed. Fresh seed should be sewn on a
suitable media and may be cold stratified for a month, although cold stratification is not
necessary with all species.
o
Leaf Pullings: Leaf pullings are a remarkably easy method of propagation, although they are
less successful with subtemperate Pinguicula than with Mexican Pinguicula. As with other leaf
pullings, pull leaf from its base and place on an appropriate medium, covering the part that
joins the plant with a little media. In a few weeks, a small plantlet should appear near the
base of the plant.
Mexican Pinguicula
Most Mexican Pinguicula grow on north-facing
hillsides or rock faces, among calciferous stones and soil.
They are partially shaded from the intense Mexican sun by
their location, and partially shaded by the small desert
shrubs that they grow among. These hillsides are often
damp for a portion of the year, either through the action
of underground seeps or through collection of rainwater
during the rainy season. The other part of the year sees
these hillsides dry almost completely.
In order to compensate for these two radically
different seasons, Mexican Pinguicula have developed a
unique adaptation among the carnivorous plants, a radical
change in leaf morphology. In the wet season, Mexican
Pinguicula grow as any other Pinguicula, with slick,
carnivorous leaves. In the dry season, however, Mexican
Pinguicula often form little rosettes of succulent leaves,
entirely lacking in carnivory.
When growing Mexican Pinguicula it is important to
remember that high ambient humidity is critical. In
temperate climates, plants may do very well out of a
terrarium in the spring, summer, and fall, but appear to
desiccate as soon as the heat is turned on in the winter.
The cause of this desiccation is the lowering of the
ambient humidity. Since most Mexican Pinguicula receive
most of their moisture from the air, this lower humidity
can easily kill the plants.
One thing to note about Mexican Pinguicula is that
they readily hybridize with one another. Many plants in
Pinguicula moranesis ‘Abalone Giant’
cultivation are hybrids, often with vibrant pink flowers.
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Pinguicula heterophylla in the wild.31
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CULTIVATING CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
P. cyclosecta
Pinguicula cyclosecta, the purple butterwort, is,
probably, the most brilliantly colored of all the Mexican
Pinguicula. Its bluish-purple leaves and bright purple
flowers are often the highlight of a Pinguicula display. It is
a remarkably easy to grow Mexican Pinguicula. Over time,
this species will form small clumps of plants.
In the wild, Pinguicula cyclosecta, like many Mexican
Pinguicula, grows on calcareous, north-facing walls among
mosses and Agave plants. Unlike many of its cousins,
Pinguicula cyclosecta is fairly easy to spot in the wild, on
account of its brilliant, bluish-purple leaves.
In cultivation, nothing special need be done to
maintain Pinguicula cyclosecta long-term. As with most
Mexican Pinguicula, it has a wet-and-dry cycle, with
carnivorous leaves growing during the wet cycle and non-
carnivorous, succulent leaves growing during the dry
Pinguicula cylcosecta
cycle.
P. gigantea
One of the most common and popular species in cultivation is
Pinguicula gigantea. Formerly known as Pinguicula species ‘Ayautla’ and
Pinguicula species ‘Synalta’, Pinguicula gigantea is one of the few known
Mexican Pinguicula with carnivorous glands on both sides of its
leaves. It’s also one of the biggest carnivorous plants, growing up to
a foot (30 cm) in diameter.
As with many Mexican Pinguicula, Pinguicula gigantea was
discovered by Alfred Lau in Ayautla, Oaxaca, Mexico. Initially Lau
believed that the plants he discovered were actually two new species:
one with blush-purple flowers and one with white flowers. Later, it
was determined that the different flower colors of this sun-favoring
species did not merit independent species status. Instead, due to the
identical morphology, except for flower color, it was determined
that the bluish-purple flowered plant and the white flowered plant
were the same species, Pinguicula gigantea. These two varieties were
subsequently named var. giggantea (bluish-purple flower) and var. alba
(white flower).
Pinguicula gigantea var. gigantea
In cultivation, it is rare to find a Pinguicula gigantea plant that
grows to a foot in diameter. There are, however, several techniques
which can generate larger plants. One is to place the plant in a large pot. The leaves should not overhang the
edges of the pot. The second is to feed the plant, frequently. Small gnats or fruit flies are ideal, although
sometimes difficult to obtain.
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Pinguicula moranensis in Oaxaca, Mexico.32
P. moranensis
Pinguicula moranensis is one of the most diverse species of Pinguicula, and, unfortunately, the catch-all name
in cultivation for any unidentified Mexican Pinguicula. Most individuals of the species have rosettes of flat,
rounded carnivorous leaves up to 5 inches (13 cm) long during active summer growth. During winter, the
species follows the pattern of other Mexican Pinguicula and forms small, non-carnivorous, succulent-type
rosettes. Pink-to-purple, five-lobed flowers are produced twice a year.
Pinguicula moranensis was first discovered in the
mountains on the outskirts of Mina de Morán, Hidalgo,
Mexico by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland
sometime between 1799 and 1804. Since then, the species -
or plants designated Pinguicula moranensis - have been
discovered in all the major mountain ranges in Mexico
except the Sierra Madre Occidental and Baja California.
Officially, two varieties of Pinguicula moranensis exist,
at the moment. These are Pinguicula moranensis var. moranensis
and Pinguicula moranensis var. neovolcanica. In the wild, Pinguicula
moranensis var. moranensis usually grows in limestone-based
substrates. It has open winter rosettes with leaves which are
rounded at the end. Pinguicula moranensis var. neovolcanica, in
contrast, usually grows in igneous substrates. It has a closed,
bulb-like winter rosette which are pointy at the tip. The
Pinguicula moranensis distribution in Mexico. chromosome count is 2n = 44.
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CULTIVATING CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
Pinguicula moranensis on a tree in Tamaulipas, Mexico.33
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Pinguicula moranensis flowers.34
Unofficially, many more varieties of Pinguicula moranensis exist, at least in cultivation. This is due to a
number of factors. First, there are many plants in cultivation without proper identifications. These are
generally lumped into the Pinguicula moranensis category. Second, Pinguicula moranensis is highly variable. Plants
at one location in the wild, growing next to one another, can have radically different leaf color, radically
different flower size, etc. Third, many Mexican Pinguicula have been introduced into cultivation without any
kind of identifying marker, such as location data. More recently, some have been introduced with location
data or other designation.
Generally, the carnivorous rosettes can be 4 - 10 inches in diameter (10 - 26 cm) and have leaves which
are 2 - 5 inches (5 - 13 cm) long. These leaves range from light green to a dark, purplish red, depending on
the amount of light to plant receives and its genetic composition. The non-carnivorous winter rosettes, in
contrast, are up to 2 inches (5 cm) in diameter with fat, succulent leaves around 1 inch (2.5 cm) in length.
Flowers range in color from pink to purple, and
have five petals. Two petals are located at the
top of the flower and three at the bottom. The
upper lobes are up to 3/8 of an inch (1.6 cm)
long, but many plants have shorter upper lobes.
The lower lobes are up to 3/4 of an inch (2 cm)
long, but, as with the upper lobes, many plants
have shorter upper lobes. A rare white flowered
form of Pinguicula moranensis also exists.
Unfortunately, all this description really
means is that there is a large amount of
variability in the species. As such, there exist a
number of distinct, genetic lineages in
cultivation, many of which are designated by
unofficial titles, such as Pinguicula moranensis “J”,
or cultivar titles, such as Pinguicula ‘Fraser
Beauty’. Unfortunately, sometimes tags get
mixed up. For instance, the cultivar known as
Pinguicula ‘Fraser Beauty’ is, in fact, a small
group of very similar plants which tend to get Pinguicula ‘Fraser Beauty’, one of the many “varieties” of
pink leaves in bright light. The plants traded Pinguicula moranensis. It is not known whether this is the
under the name ‘Fraser Beauty’ are not all
“true” cultivar.
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CULTIVATING CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
identical.
Some work has been done to reduce the
number of distinctly titled Pinguicula moranensis.
This is summarized in the species table at the
end of this chapter. More work needs to be
done, however, as many distinctly titled
Pinguicula moranensis have not been examined by
taxonomists and reclassified into more
informative categories.
In terms of cultivation, Pinguicula moranensis
- of all kinds - is exceedingly easy. Many
varieties will be content in most any
carnivorous plant media, except long-fiber
sphagnum, and will grow well year-round on a
windowsill. Some will even tolerate potting in a
small amount of pure perlite, an abalone shell,
or, really, any medium in an area with high
Pinguicula moranensis flower.35
humidity.
P. orchidioides
Pinguicula orchidioides is an interesting
species of Mexican Pinguicula which, until
recently, was frequently described as a type of
Pinguicula moranensis. In actuality, the two
species are quite different. Unlike any other
species of Mexican Pinguicula, Pinguicula
orchidioides produces small bulblets around the
base of its winter rosette which elongate into
aerial stolons during its summer growing
period. These stolons can extend up to 3
inches (8 cm) and produce small, non-
carnivorous leaves along their length. If they
touch upon the surface of a suitable media,
they will sprout new plants.
The flowers of Pinguicula orchidioides
are large, showy, and reminiscent of orchids.
One-to-three bright purple flowers up to 2
inches (5 cm) long are produced each
flowering
cycle.
As
with
Pinguicula
moranensis, these have five petals with two
atop the flower center and three below. The
middle-bottom petal often slopes forward, as
a landing pad for insects.
In the wild, Pinguicula orchidioides grows
on humid hillsides or embankments among
Pinguicula orchidioides flower.36
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pine-oak woodlands in in sandy-clay soil. These hillsides or embankments are between 6,500 - 8,850 feet
(2,000 - 2,700 m) in altitude. Often, it will grow in fairly large patches, as a consequence of a single parent
plant spreading through stolon production.
My standard growing guide for Mexican Pinguicula follows:
✵
Media: Most Mexican Pinguicula grow well in a mix of one part turface, one part perlite, one part
horticultural pumice, and one part horticultural grade sand. The key ingredient for this mix appears
to be turface, and many species will do well potted in pure turface. For species native to areas with
calcareous or gypsum rock base, it may be advantageous to add some calcareous stone or gypsum to
the mix.
✵
Moisture: Most Mexican Pinguicula are native to areas that receive very little water for half the year.
During the active growing season, when the plants are producing carnivorous leaves, plants may be
watered via the tray method. During the dry season, when plants have succulent leaves, the media
should be allowed to dry nearly completely. Keep careful watch for signs of desiccation. Increase
moisture and/or humidity if plants appear to be desiccated.
✵
Humidity: Mexican Pinguicula require a fairly high level of humidity, especially during the active
growing season. Many species do not uptake a significant portion of their water requirements via the
media, but, rather, via the humidity in the air. Therefore, plants should be monitored whenever
humidity levels drop too low in order to prevent desiccation. In the dry season, humidity levels are
less important, although most plants are found in areas that retain some ambient humidity
throughout the year.
✵
Pot Size: Pots should be larger than the plant in diameter, but do not need to be very deep. Few
Mexican Pinguicula have deep roots. Note, however, that too shallow roots may mean media which is
too wet. If roots are not penetrating the media, allow it to dry out slightly. This will promote deeper
root development, which makes for healthier plants.
✵
Feeding: Feeding Mexican Pinguicula will encourage growth and division. Plants which are not grown
in a terrarium will capture many small insects and need not be provided supplemental food. Plants
grown in a terrarium will need supplemental feeding. Foliar fertilizer, even diluted, can easily cause
leaf burn. Therefore, it is better to use insects to supplement the nutrient intake of most Mexican
Pinguicula. Freeze dried bloodworms - or other “light,” relatively low nutrient food - can be bought
at many pet stores or online. Take care to crumble the insects into (nearly) powder as many Mexican
Pinguicula can easily have their leaves overwhelmed by too large of prey.
✵
Temperature: Mexican Pinguicula should be kept from 60° - 90° F (16° - 32° C).
✵
Dormancy: Not all Mexican Pinguicula will enter dry dormancy following a regular pattern. When
plants decide to enter their dry dormancy, they will begin to produce succulent leaves. At that point
in time, watering should decrease. When leaving dry dormancy, plants will begin to produce
carnivorous leaves. At that time, watering should increase.
✵
Propagation: Mexican Pinguicula can be propagated via the following methods:
o
Division: Many Mexican Pinguicula will divide and produce new plantlets at their base and
edges of their leaves throughout the growing season. After the plantlets have put on a little
size, it is advisable to remove them from the parent plant and pot them up on their own.
o
Seed: Mexican Pinguicula may be propagated via seed. Fresh seed should be sewn on a
suitable media. In a few weeks, plantlets should appear. These will rapidly grow to maturity.
o
Leaf Pullings: Leaf pullings are a remarkably easy method of propagation. As with other leaf
pullings, pull leaf from its base and place on an appropriate medium, covering the part that
joins the plant with a little media. In a few weeks, a small plantlet should appear near the
base of the plant. Most Mexican Pinguicula have a strike rate of nearly 100%.
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CULTIVATING CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
Caribbean Pinguicula
Caribbean Pinguicula are
among the most interesting
of the butterworts, and
probably among the most
challenging
to
cultivate.
Many grow on barren tree
branches
as
epiphytes,
acquiring
their
moisture
from the frequent rains and
high humidity of the cloud
forest. Others grow as
annuals along sandy flats,
springing from seed at the
beginning of the rainy season
and acquiring their moisture
from the frequent rains and
high humidity of the area. At
the end of season, they die
off, only to return from seed
the next year. Others grow
on serpentine or laterite
soils, which are difficult to
Pinguicula laxifolia in the wild.37
reproduce in cultivation.
P. casabitoana
This pioneer species colonizes bare tree branches in the cloud forest of Mount Casabito. Unlike many
species of Pinguicula, Pinguicula casabitoana’s roots have suction-cup type structures that allow it to cling to a
bare tree branch. This orchid-like adaption probably makes it impossible to repot this species, although it
does indicate that Pinguicula casabitoana would respond well to being placed on a bare branch, like an orchid.
In cultivation, I would recommend attaching it to a branch, like an orchid or bromeliad, in a pot of
orchid bark. I would place the plant in a humid, highland Nepenthes tank that contained a fogger or a micro-
mister that constantly moistened the leaves.
P. laxiflora
Although Pinguicula laxiflora is native to Tamaulipas, Mexico, it is unique among Mexican Pinguicula. It
grows in a cloud forest on a deeply shaded, tufa cliff, a habitat very similar to that inhabited by Pinguicula
conzattii. The leaves are elliptical and hang from the cliff, like the leaves of an orchid. They range in color from
light green, to light red, depending on the amount of sun they receive.
Very little is known about this species, although it is theorized that it produces winter rosettes, like other
Mexican Pinguicula. (Smaller, succulent-type leaves have been found at the base of plants). Unlike other
Mexican Pinguicula, but like Caribbean Pinguicula, Pinguicula laxifolia is highly dependent upon moisture in the
air. Many specimens can be found growing under overhangs, meaning that they must gather almost all their
moisture from the air. Therefore, it is likely that this species would be better treated as a Caribbean Pinguicula
rather than a Mexican Pinguicula.
140
NATCH GREYES
rather than a Mexican Pinguicula.
No Caribbean Pinguicula are currently in cultivation outside of their native ranges, to my knowledge.
Therefore, the growing guide which follows is purely speculative and based, almost entirely, upon knowledge
of their habitats and experience growing orchids. My standard growing guide for Caribbean Pinguicula follows:
✵
Media: Many Caribbean Pinguicula are epiphytes, and would probably grow well in a mix of orchid
bark and perlite. For Cuban species, I would suggest a mix of mostly sand with a little sphagnum
peat, as many of those are native to areas with a similar media mixture.
✵
Moisture: Caribbean Pinguicula either grow in cloud forests or in areas with very high humidity and
frequent rainfall during the growing season. As a consequence, they would probably like moist, but
not wet media in cultivation.
✵
Humidity: The one truly unifying feature of Caribbean Pinguicula is that they require high levels of
humidity. As such, they should be grown in a terrarium or humid greenhouse. As with some Mexican
Pinguicula, Caribbean Pinguicula should be kept as near 100% humidity as possible.
✵
Pot Size: Pots should be larger than the plant in diameter, but, as with other Pinguicula, probably do
not need to be very deep.
✵
Feeding: Feeding Caribbean Pinguicula crushed, small insects would be advisable.
✵
Temperature: Caribbean Pinguicula should be kept around 68° F (20° C).
✵
Dormancy: Dormancy is not a requirement of Caribbean Pinguicula, although some Cuban species are
annuals and will die shortly after producing seed.
✵
Propagation: Cuban Pinguicula can probably be propagated via the following methods:
o
Division: I have seen no data on Caribbean Pinguicula producing clumps over time, but I
would not be surprised if they did so. I would recommend that, after the plantlets have put
on a little size, a grower should remove them from the parent plant and pot them up on their
own. Note, however, that this may not be possible for some species, such as Pinguicula
casobitoana, which will tightly grasp to the tree branches to which they are affixed.
o
Seed: Caribbean Pinguicula, especially annual species, are probably easily propagated via seed.
As with other carnivores, fresh Caribbean Pinguicula seed should be sewn on a suitable media
in a suitable environment. In a few weeks, plantlets should appear.
o
Leaf Pullings: I have seen no data on leaf pullings, but I would be surprised if it was not
possible to take leaf pullings of Caribbean Pinguicula. As with other species, I would suggest
taking a small portion of the leaf base and covering with a pinch of the appropriate media.
The following table of all known Pinguicula species includes their location, type, and notes on the species
in order to facilitate thoughts on care:
Species
Location
Type
Habitat / Notes
Among colonies of moss, ferns, and succulents in
loamy soil along shady stream banks in areas
El Chico,
wooded by Quercus and Abies species in cloud
Hidalgo,
forests at altitudes from 7,874 - 9,186 ft. (2,400 -
acuminata
Mexico
Mexican
2,800 m). Often found with Pinguicula moranensis.
agnata ‘CSUF’
(a.k.a. 'Scented
Flower')
Mexico
Mexican
El Lobo,
Queretaro,
agnata ‘El Lobo’
Mexico
Mexican
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CULTIVATING CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
agnata ‘Red Leaf’ Mexico
Mexican
agnata ‘True
Blue’
Mexico
Mexican
Hidalgo,
Sheer, calcareous, north facing cliff at an altitude
agnata ‘Type’
Mexico
Mexican
of 5,000 ft. (1,524 m).
Forests on slate or serpentine soils or interior
albida
Cuba
Caribbean
plains and forest on quartz sands or slate; annual.
algida
Russia
Temperate
Among grasses in moist soil.
Bogs, springy slopes, wet bluffs, wet rocks, in
calcareous substratum or silicate substratum in
alpina
Eurasia
Temperate
any amount of sun.
Tonala, Puebla,
Mexico and
Molango,
Hidalgo,
At altitudes from 5,512 - 5,610 ft. (1,680 - 1,710
ANPA ‘A’
Mexico
Mexican
m); mistakenly called P. sp. ‘Tonala’.
Tonala, Puebla,
Mexico and
Molango,
Hidalgo,
At altitudes from 5,512 - 5,610 ft. (1,680 - 1,710
ANPA ‘B’
Mexico
Mexican
m); mistakenly called P. sp. ‘Tonala’.
Tonala, Puebla,
Mexico and
Molango,
Hidalgo,
At altitudes from 5,512 - 5,610 ft. (1,680 - 1,710
ANPA ‘C’
Mexico
Mexican
m); mistakenly called P. sp. ‘Tonala’.
Tonala, Puebla,
Mexico and
Molango,
Hidalgo,
At altitudes from 5,512 - 5,610 ft. (1,680 - 1,710
ANPA ‘D’
Mexico
Mexican
m); mistakenly called P. sp. ‘Tonala’.
Tierra del
Fuego,
antarctica
Argentina
Temperate
Sphagnum bogs of Terra del Fuego.
apunana
Alps, Italy
Temperate
Seasonal wetlands on rocky cliffs on mountains.
balcanica ssp.
balcanica
Balkans
Subtemperate
balcanica ssp.
pontica
Balkans
Subtemperate
benedicta
Cuba
Caribbean
Blue flower; may grow in laterite soil.
Red or white flowers, white corolla; mistaken for
bissei
Cuba
Caribbean
P. benedicta.
Often confused with P. vulgaris f. bicolor, but differs
bohemica
Czech Republic
Temperate
in chromosome number.
Southeast
Sandy, well-draining soils in full-sun; often in
caerulea
United States
Subtemperate roadside ditches.
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NATCH GREYES
Queretaro,
Calcareous rocks (wet calcium carbonate
Mexico and San
concretions, vertical calcareous walls, limestone
Luis Potosi,
cracks) in cloud forest at an altitude of 7,217 -
calderoniae
Mexico
Mexican
7,546 ft. (2,200 - 2,300 m).
Columbia and
Wet Paramo soil in the Andes at around 13,123
calyptrata
Ecuador
Temperate
ft. (4,000 m).
caryophyllacea
Cuba
Caribbean
Pink flowers; mistaken for P. benedicta.
Dominican
Epiphyte on bare tree branches in cloud
casabitoana
Republic
Caribbean
rainforest; avoids moss in the wild.
Damp, peaty meadows or the edges of pool and
lakes formed by melt water from glaciers in the
Chile and
south Andean highlands at altitudes from 3,280 -
chilensis
Argentina
Subtemperate 7,218 ft. (1,000 - 2,200 m).
Moist areas in the Bolivian Andes at altitudes
chuquisacensis
Bolivia
Temperate
from 6,890 - 8,202 ft. (2,100 - 2,500 m).
Calcareous rocks covered in fine mosses and red
or white lichens at altitudes around 9,843 ft.
El Porvenir,
(3,000 m); lilac to white flowers; similar to P.
clivorum
Mexico
Mexican
gracilis.
Colima, Colima,
Sunny slopes, on gypsum, or north facing vertical
colimensis
Mexico
Mexican
limestone cliffs at an altitude of 1,640 ft. (500 m).
Calcareous rocks in cloud forest with
Santo Tomas
Chirantodedron, Cercocarpus, Buddleia, and Quercus at
Ocotepec,
altitudes around 7,874 ft. (2400 m); mistakenly
conzattii
Oaxaca, Mexico Mexican
labeled as P. 'Santiago Nuyoo Pass' .
Around lakes in subalpine and alpine damp
meadows near the timberline from 3,281 - 7,874
corsica
Corsica (France) Subtemperate ft. (1,000 - 2,400 m).
Mosses on wet rocks under Abies religiosa and
El Chico,
Juniper monticola, wet and shady areas under Oaks,
Hidalgo,
or in slits of rocks with rich organic soil at
crassifolia
Mexico
Mexican
altitudes from 9,350 - 9,843 ft. (2,850 - 3,000 m).
Totontepec,
crenatiloba
Oaxaca, Mexico Mexican
Damp soil on stream banks.
cubensis
Cuba
Caribbean
Forests on slates or serpentine soils.
North facing, vertical limestone wall rising above
Nuevo Leon,
Abies and oak woodland, associated with
cyclosecta
Mexico
Mexican
Selaginella and ferns.
Huizache, San
Luis Potosi,
debbertiana
Mexico
Mexican
Central and
Vertical calcareous cliff; mistakenly labeled as P.
dertosensis
East Spain
Subtemperate longifolia subsp. dertosensis.
Guadalcazar,
San Luis Potosi,
Gypsum substratum at altitude from 3,937 - 5,413
ehlersiae
Mexico
Mexican
ft. (1,200 - 1,650 m).
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CULTIVATING CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
ehlersiae var.
Tolantongo,
‘Tolantongo’
Mexico
Mexican
Canyon of the
Rio
Moctezuma,
Mosses, with Selaginella lepidophylla, Notholaena sp.
Hidalgo,
and Cheilanthes sp. on calcareous cliffs at altitudes
elizabethiae
Mexico
Mexican
from 3,280 - 5,249 ft. (1,000 - 1,600 m).
Atop a mountain 10,499 ft. (3,200 m) tall;
ordinarily subjected to strong winds and night
time temperatures near freezing year round; dry
elongata
Columbia
-None-
and wet season.
Atzalan,
Veracruz,
North facing limestone cliffs near rivers, rocks
Mexico and
along river banks at an altitude of 4,593 ft. (1,400
Cascade Oligui,
m), and on river banks in cloud forests at an
emarginata
Puebla, Mexico
Mexican
altitude of 5,085 ft. (1,550 m).
El Huizache,
San Luis Potosi,
esseriana
Mexico
Mexican
esseriana var. ‘El
El Mirador,
Mirador’
Mexico
Mexican
Annual growing on sandy, quartz soils that are
frequently flooded; larger than filifolia ssp. filifolia
filifolia ssp. alba
Cuba
Caribbean
with white flowers.
filifolia ssp.
Annual growing on sandy, quartz soils that are
filifolia
Cuba
Caribbean
frequently flooded; typically bluish flowers.
fiorii
Central Italy
Subtemperate
Steep, sunny slopes with Tillandsia streptophylla and
Ayautla,
Agave attenuata at an altitude of 1,148 ft. (350 m);
gigantea
Oaxaca, Mexico Mexican
mistakenly called P. sp. ‘Synalta’ or P. sp. ‘Ayautla’.
Cerro de las
Calcareous rocks under oaks or mosses under
Mitras, Nuevo
Cypressus lindleyi at altitudes from 3,284 - 5,906 ft.
gracilis
Leon, Mexico
Mexican
(1,000 - 1,800 m); mistakenly called P. pumila.
grandiflora f.
White flowered form of P. grandiflora from
chionopetra
Ireland
Temperate
Ireland.
grandiflora f.
Pale flowered form of P. grandiflora from the Jura
pallida
France
Temperate
mountains.
grandiflora subsp. Western
Type Variety; Mistakenly called P. sp. ‘Cantina dels
grandiflora
Europe
Temperate
Racons, Andorra’.
grandiflora subsp.
Rosy flowered form of P. grandiflora from near
rosea
France
Temperate
Grenoble, France.
Zacatepec,
Continually wet vertical cliff face in mixed cloud
greenwoodii
Oaxaca, Mexico Mexico
forest.
Shaded location on wet gypsum rocks with
Cactaceae, Agave stricta, Selaginella cuspidata, Agave
San Luis Potosi,
striata, Dasylirion longissimum, Dodonea viscosa, Hechtia
gypsicola
Mexico
Mexican
glomerata and other xerophytes; long periods with
144
NATCH GREYES
no rain.
Muğla,
Southwestern
Serpentine rock cliffs along a small stream near
Anatolia,
Marmaris at an altitude of 328 - 656 ft. (100 - 200
habilii
Turkey
Subtemperate m).
Ixtlan, Oaxaca,
hemiepiphytica
Mexico
Mexican
Steep mossy stream banks in cloud forest.
Guerrero,
Mexico,
Oaxaca,
Clay soils atop andesite or granite in oak forests,
Mexico, and
pine forests, and mixed forests at altitudes from
Michoacán,
4,921 - 9,843 ft. (1,500 - 3,000 m); mislabeled as
heterophylla
Mexico
Mexican
P. imitatrix, P. medusina.
Tetraploid (2n = 32), leaves up to 80 mm, flower
hirtiflora var.
size 22-28 mm; rupicolous, calciphil; mistakenly
gionae
Balkans
Subtemperate labeled P. crystallina ssp. hirtiflora.
Diploid (2n = 16), leaves up to 50 mm long,
hirtiflora var.
flower size 20-22 mm; peat bog plant, calcifuge;
hirtiflora
Balkans
Subtemperate mistakenly labeled P. crystallina ssp. hirtiflora.
Triploid (2n = 24), leaves up to 70 mm long,
flower size 20-25 mm; rupicolous and peat bog
hirtiflora var.
plant, ± substrate tolerant; mistakenly labeled P.
louisii
Balkans
Subtemperate crystallina ssp. hirtiflora.
Hexaploid (2n = 48), leaves up to 120 mm, flower
hirtiflora var.
size 22-28 mm; rupicolous, calciphil; mistakenly
megaspilaea
Balkans
Subtemperate labeled P. crystallina ssp. hirtiflora.
Tlanchinol,
North facing calcareous cliffs near the cloud
Hidalgo,
forest at altitudes from 2,953 - 3,609 ft. (900 -
ibarrae
Mexico
Mexican
1,100 m); mistaken for P. agnata.
Rayones, Nuevo
Among colonies of Selaginella on a gypsum gorge
immaculata
Leon, Mexico
Mexican
at an altitude of 4,265 ft. (1,300 m).
infundibuliformis Cuba
Caribbean
Red flower; mistaken for P. benedicta.
Permanently moist, acidic black soils and wet
Bolivia and
mosses at altitudes from 8,858 - 11,155 ft. (2700m
involuta
Peru
Temperate
to 3400 m).
Southeast
Sandy, well-draining soils in full-sun; often in
ionantha
United States
Subtemperate roadside ditches.
Sandy, moist soils in the tropical forests in the
jackii
Cuba
Caribbean
mountains of the Escambray.
jaraguana
Cuba
Caribbean
White flower; mistaken for P. benedicta.
Jaumave,
Tamaulipas,
Vertical cracks of feldspar (probably calcium
jaumavensis
Mexico
Mexican
based).
kondoi
Mexico
Mexican
Confused with P. reticulata; not in cultivation.
Sierra Mixe,
Several variants of this red flowered Ping exist,
laueana
Oaxaca, Mexico Mexican
including ‘Typical’, ‘CP2’, ‘CP3’, ‘SP1’, ‘SP2’, and
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CULTIVATING CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
‘Reflex’.
El Cielo,
Well-shaded vertical rock walls at altitudes from
Tamaulipas,
6,300 - 6,800 ft. (1,920 - 2,072 m); only species
laxifolia
Mexico
Caribbean
with pendulous leaves.
Austria, France,
Italy,
leptoceras
Switzerland
Temperate
Alpine bogs.
lignicola
Cuba
Caribbean
Epiphyte on Pinus species in humid areas.
Guatemala,
Honduras, and
lilacina
Mexico
Subtemperate Annual; often confused with P. takakii.
Wet rocks in streambeds above 3,281 ft. (1,000
lippoldii
Cuba
Caribbean
m).
Vertical slopes of calcareous rock (remains of
Karst formations) near seeps in semi-deciduous
forest at an altitude of 2,379 ft. (725 m); often
lithophytica
Cuba
Caribbean
confused with P. jackii.
longifolia ssp.
Wet, vertical limestone walls in windy valleys at
caussensis
France
Subtemperate around 1,640 ft. (500 m).
longifolia ssp.
longifolia
France, Italy
Subtemperate
longifolia ssp.
Roya Valley,
Wet, vertical limestone walls in windy valleys at
reichenbachiana
Italy
Subtemperate around 1,640 ft. (500 m).
Western
lusitanica
Europe
Subtemperate Acidic peat bogs.
Southeast
Sandy, well-draining soils in full-sun; often in
lutea
United States
Subtemperate roadside ditches.
Japan, Russia,
Wide range of habitats, including cold seeps
macroceras
United States
Subtemperate alongside Darlingtonia.
Hidalgo,
Mexico, Puerto
de la Huerta,
Mexico and San
Luis Potosi,
Cloud forest with Quercus rugulosa and Quercus
macrophylla
Mexico
Mexican
Hartwegii.
mariae
Italy
Subtemperate Seasonal wetlands on rocky cliffs on mountains.
Laguna
Encantata,
Gypsum hills; mistakenly called P. heterophylla f.
medusina
Oaxaca, Mexico Mexican
alfredae, P. alfredae.
El Salvador,
Guatemala, and
mesophytica
Honduras.
Caribbean
Epiphyte in wet areas of cloud forest.
Tehuacan-
Cuicatlan
Rocky slopes in shaded and wet locations in
Valley, Oaxaca,
tropical Caducifolia forest on the border of the Rio
mirandae
Mexico
Mexican
Grande at an altitude of 4,101 feet (1,250 m).
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NATCH GREYES
Canyon of the
Rio
Moctezuma,
Calcareous rocks in stream beds or along stream
Hidalgo,
walls or on wet limestone at altitudes from 2,953 -
moctezumae
Mexico
Mexican
3,609 ft. (900 - 1,100 m).
moranensis
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis ‘A’
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis ‘D’
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis ‘El
Chico’
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis ‘Flos-
Mulionis’
Central Mexico
Mexican
Mistakenly called P. sp. ‘Flos-Mulionis’.
moranensis
‘Fraser Beauty’
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis ‘J’
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis
‘Kirkbright’
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis
‘Lagunas de
Montebello’
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis
‘Molango’
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis
‘Morelia’
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis ‘Rio
Grijalva’
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis
‘Sierra Mazatecas’ Central Mexico
Mexican
Mistakenly called P. sp. ‘Sierra Mazatecas’.
moranensis
‘Tehuacan’
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis
‘Xichu’
Central Mexico
Mexican
Mistakenly called P. sp. ‘Xichu’.
moranensis f.
orchidioides
Central Mexico
Mexican
moranensis var.
alba
Central Mexico
Mexican
Mistakenly labeled P. moranensis ‘White Flower’.
Mistakenly called P. sp. ‘Laguna de Zempoala’, P. sp.
moranensis var.
‘Pico de Orizaba’, P. sp. ‘Pachuca’, P. sp. ‘Puerto del
neovolcanica
Central Mexico
Mexican
Aire’, P. sp. ‘Zacapoaxtla’, and P. sodalium.
mundi
Spain
Subtemperate Springs and hollows in rocky areas.
Silicate-granite on alpine slopes, being covered by
nevadensis
Spain
Subtemperate snow for five to seven months.
Zaragoza,
Nuevo Leon,
North facing gypsum hillside at 4,675 ft. (1,425
nivalis
Mexico
Mexican
m); mistakenly labeled P. immaculata.
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CULTIVATING CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
Jiquilpan,
Michoacán,
oblongiloba
Mexico
Mexican
At an altitude of around 8,202 ft. (2,500 m).
Mexico and
orchidioides
Guatemala
Mexican
Mistakenly called P. stolonifera.
Sierra de San
Esteban, Jalisco,
parvifolia
Mexico
Mexican
Mossy gravel bluffs.
Tamaulipas,
pilosa
Mexico
Mexican
Mistakenly called P. ‘Sierra de Tamaulipas’.
Southeast
Sandy, well-draining soils in full-sun; often in
planifolia
United States
Subtemperate roadside ditches; red leaves in full sun.
Steep, wet rocks on the border of roads created
poldinii
Italy
Subtemperate by digging the rocks for road construction.
San Luis Potosi,
San Luis Potosi,
Small rock outcrops in shade in deciduous forest
potosiensis
Mexico
Mexican
at an altitude of 6,946 ft. (2,117 m).
Southeast
Sandy, well-draining soils in full-sun; often in
primuliflora
United States
Subtemperate roadside ditches.
Southeast
Sandy, well-draining soils in full-sun; often in
pumila
United States
Subtemperate roadside ditches.
ramosa
Japan
Temperate
Often confused with P. variegata.
Juxtlahuaca,
rectifolia
Oaxaca, Mexico Mexican
Pink flowers.
Huahuapan de
rectifolia
Leon, Oaxaca,
‘Huahuapan’
Mexico
Mexican
Purple flowers.
reticulata
Mexico
Mexican
Often confused with P. kondoi.
Minas de
Asbesto,
Calcareous soil with Lidambar styraciflua, Pinus, and
Tamaulipas,
Fagus mexicana at altitude of 7,218 ft. (2,200 m) or
Mexico and
gypsum soil with xenophiles at an altitude of
Nuevo Leon,
4,265 ft. (1,300 m); mistakenly labeled P.
rotundiflora
Mexico
Mexican
jorgehintonii, P. rayonensis.
Yerba Buena,
Chiapas,
Moist and shaded berms; often confused with P.
sharpii
Mexico
Subtemperate lilacina.
sp. ‘Guatemala
3100 m’
Guatemala
Mexican
sp. ‘Köhres’
Hidalgo,
(Koehres)
Mexico
Mexican
sp. ‘Lautner
92/52’
Mexico
Mexican
Single location of permanently wet wall, possibly
sp. ‘Sierra
Nuri, Sonora,
with a sulfur-basis, growing with Tacitus bellus
Obscura’
Mexico
Mexican
( Graptopetalum bellum).
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NATCH GREYES
Sumidero
Canyon,
sp. Sumidero
Chiapas,
forma 1
Mexico
Mexican
Grows on Christmas Tree Falls.
Sumidero
Canyon,
sp. Sumidero
Chiapas,
forma 2
Mexico
Mexican
Grows on Christmas Tree Falls.
Villa Juarez, San
Luis Potosi,
Annual growing on gypsum soil; often confused
takakii
Mexico
Subtemperate with P. lilacina.
toldensis
Cuba
Caribbean
Upper parts of mountains.
Cerro Azul,
6,000 - 7,000 ft. (1,829 - 2,134 m); red flowers;
utricularioides
Mexico
Mexican
not in cultivation.
Vertical limestone rock walls, protected from
direct rainfall by overhanging rock; often near
vallisneriifolia
Spain
Subtemperate waterfalls.
vallis-regiae
Central Italy
Subtemperate Dripping calciferous cliffs.
variegata
Russia
Temperate
Often confused with P. ramosa.
Temperate
Northern
villosa
Hemisphere
Temperate
Often in live sphagnum; tiny.
Temperate
Northern
In a wide-range of conditions and altitudes in the
vulgaris
Hemisphere
Temperate
northern hemisphere.
Temperate
Northern
vulgaris f. bicolor
Hemisphere
Temperate
Puerto del
Gallo,
Guerrero,
zecheri
Mexico
Mexican
Mistakenly called P. sp. ‘Puerto del Gallo’.
.
149
