The Titans of Civilization: The People Who Shaped the World - Sykalo Eugen 2023

Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut (c. 1507—1458 BCE) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, notable for being one of the few women to rule Egypt as a king in her own right. Her reign was marked by remarkable achievements and a period of stability and prosperity. Here are the key facts about Hatshepsut:

Early Life and Rise to Power:
- Hatshepsut was born into the 18th Dynasty of ancient Egypt, during the reign of her father, Pharaoh Thutmose I.
- She married her half-brother Thutmose II, who succeeded their father. When Thutmose II died, her stepson Thutmose III, a young child at the time, became the heir.

Co-Regency and Pharaohship:
- Hatshepsut initially served as regent for her stepson Thutmose III. However, she eventually took on the role of pharaoh and ruled as co-regent with him.
- Over time, she established herself as the primary ruler and portrayed herself as a male pharaoh, donning traditional royal regalia, including the false beard.

Pharaoh's Titles and Depictions:
- Hatshepsut used titles such as "Maatkare," which emphasized her role as a divine ruler, and "Female Horus," associating herself with the falcon god Horus.
- She had herself depicted in statuary and reliefs as a male pharaoh, often wearing the pharaoh's kilt and headdress while maintaining her feminine facial features.

Building Projects and Achievements:
- Hatshepsut embarked on an ambitious building program, commissioning numerous monumental structures and temples throughout Egypt. Her most famous project is the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari.
- Her architectural achievements showcased innovative designs and artistic excellence, with her monuments blending harmoniously with the natural landscape.

Trade and Expedition to Punt:
- Hatshepsut is known for sending an expedition to the land of Punt, a region believed to be in present-day Somalia or Eritrea. This expedition aimed to bring back valuable resources, such as incense, myrrh, and exotic animals.

Legacy and Succession:
- Hatshepsut's reign brought a period of stability and prosperity to Egypt. Her focus on trade and building projects contributed to the nation's wealth and influence.
- After her death, her successor Thutmose III attempted to erase her memory and monuments from history. Many of her statues and inscriptions were defaced, possibly due to Thutmose III's desire to reassert his own authority.

Rediscovery and Historical Study:
- In the modern era, Hatshepsut's legacy was largely forgotten until the 19th century, when her monuments and inscriptions were rediscovered and studied by archaeologists and historians.

Gender and Power:
- Hatshepsut's rule is a notable example of a woman holding a position of authority in ancient Egypt. Her successful reign challenged conventional gender roles and demonstrated the possibility of female leadership.

Artistic Representations:
- In her artistic depictions, Hatshepsut often appeared in traditional regalia, including the nemes headdress and royal kilt. She also portrayed herself in less formal poses, reflecting her personality and leadership style.

Hatshepsut's reign stands as a testament to her determination, leadership, and administrative skills. Her architectural accomplishments and the unique circumstances of her rule make her one of the most intriguing and significant figures in ancient Egyptian history.