BIBLIOGRAPHY - Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations - David R. Montgomery

Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations - David R. Montgomery (2007)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. GOOD OLD DIRT

Hooke, R. LeB. 1994. On the efficacy of humans as geomorphic agents. GSA Today 4:217, 224-25.

2000. On the history of humans as geomorphic agents. Geology 28:843-46.

2. SKIN OF THE EARTH

Darwin, C. 1881. The Formation of Vegetable Mould, Through the Action of Worms, With Observations on Their Habits. London: John Murray.

Davidson, D. A. 2002. Bioturbation in old arable soils: Quantitative evidence from soil micromorphology. Journal ofArchaeological Science 29:1247-53.

Gilbert, G. K. 1877. Geology of the Henry Mountains. U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Jenny, H. 1941. Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Mitchell, J. K., and G. D. Bubenzer. i98o. Soil loss estimation. In Soil Erosion, ed. M. J. Kirkby and R. P. C. Morgan, 17-62. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

Retallack, G. J. 1986. The fossil record of soils. In Paleosols: Their Recognition and Interpretation, ed. V. P. Wright, 1-57. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Schwartzman, D. W, and T. Volk. 1989. Biotic enhancement of weathering and the habitability of Earth. Nature 340457-60.

Torn, M. S., S. E. Trumbore, 0. A. Chadwick, P. M. Viktousek, and D. M. Hendricks. 1997. Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover. Nature 389:170-73.

Wolfe, B. E., and J. N. Kilronomos. 2005. Breaking new ground: Soil communities and exotic plant invasion. BioScience 55:477-87.

3. RIVERS OF LIFE

Butzer, K. W. 1976. Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: A Study in Cultural Ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Haub, C. 1995. How many people have ever lived on Earth? Population Today, February.

Helms, D. 1984. Walter Lowdermilk's journey: Forester to land conservationist. Environmental Review 8:132-45.

Henry, D. 0. 1989. From Foraging to Agriculture: The Levant at the End of the Ice Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Hillel, D. 1991. Out of the Earth: Civilization and the Life of the Soil. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Hillman, G., R. Hedges, A. Moore, S. Colledge, and P. Pettit. 2001. New evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates. Holocene 11:383-93.

Kohler-Rollefson, I., and G. 0. Rollefson. 199o. The impact of Neolithic subsistence strategies on the environment: The case of `Ain Ghazal, Jordan. In Man's Role in the Shaping of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape, ed. S. Bottema, G. Entjes-Nieborg, and W. Van Zeist, 3-14. Rotterdam: Balkema.

Lowdermilk, W. C. 1926. Forest destruction and slope denudation in the province of Shansi. China Journal of Science &Arts 4:127-35.

Mallory, W. H. 1926. China: Land ofFamine. Special Publication 6. New York: American Geographical Society.

Mellars, P. 2004. Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe. Nature 432:461-65.

Milliman, J. D., Q. Yun-Shan, R. Mel-E, and Y. Saito. 1987. Man's influence on the erosion and transport of sediment by Asian rivers: The Yellow River (Huanghe) example. Journal of Geology 95:751-62.

Moore, A. M. T., and G. C. Hillman. 1992. The Pleistocene to Holocene transition and human economy in Southwest Asia: The impact of the Younger Dryas. American Antiquity 57:482-94.

Ponting, C. 1993. A Green History ofthe World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. New York: Penguin Books.

Pringle, H. 1998. Neolithic agriculture: The slow birth of agriculture. Science 282:1446.

Roberts, N. 1991. Late Quaternary geomorphological change and the origins of agriculture in south central Turkey. Geoarchaeology 6:1-26.

Said, R. 1993. The River Nile: Geology, Hydrology and Utilization. Oxford: Per- gamon Press.

Sarnthein, M. 1978. Sand deserts during glacial maximum and climatic optimum. Nature 272:43-46.

Stanley, D. J., and A. G. Warne. 1993. Sea level and initiation of Predynastic culture in the Nile delta. Nature 363:435-38.

Wallace, M. 1883. Egypt and the Egyptian Question. London: Macmillan.

Westing, A. H. 1981. A note on how many humans that have ever lived. BioScience 31:523-24.

Wright, H. E., Jr. 1961. Late Pleistocene climate of Europe: A review. Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin 72:933-84.

1976. The environmental setting for plant domestication in the Near East. Science 194:385-89✵

Zeder, M. A., and B. Hesse. 2000. The initial domestication of goats (Capra hir- cus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 years ago. Science 287:2254-57.

4. GRAVEYARD OF EMPIRES

Abrams, E. M., and D. J. Rue. 1988. The causes and consequences of deforestation among the prehistoric Maya. Human Ecology 16:377-95.

Agriculture in all ages, no.. 1855. DeBow's Review 19:713-17.

Barker, G. 1981. Landscape and Society: Prehistoric Central Italy. London: Academic Press.

. 1985. Agricultural organisation in classical Cyrenaica: the potential of subsistence and survey data. In Cyrenaica in Antiquity, ed. G. Barker, J. Lloyd, and J. Reynolds, 121-34. Society for Libyan Studies Occasional Papers 1, BAR International Series 236. Oxford.

Beach, T. 1998. Soil catenas, tropical deforestation, and ancient and contemporary soil erosion in the Peten, Guatemala. Physical Geography 19:378-404.

Beach, T., N. Dunning, S. Luzzadder-Beach, D. E. Cook, and J. Lohse. 2006. Impacts of the ancient Maya on soils and soil erosion in the central Maya Lowlands. Catena 65:166-78.

Beach, T., N. Dunning, S. Luzzadder-Beach, and V. Scarborough. 2003. Depression soils in the lowland tropics of Northwestern Belize: Anthropogenic and natural origins. In The Lowland Maya Area. Three Millennia at the HumanWildland Interface, ed. A. Gomez-Pompa, M. F. Allen, S. L. Fedick, and J. J. Jimenez-Osornio, 139-74. Binghamton, NY: Food Products Press.

Beach, T., S. Luzzadder-Beach, N. Dunning, J. Hageman, and J. Lohse. 2002. Upland agriculture in the Maya Lowlands: Ancient Maya soil conservation in northwestern Belize. Geographical Review 92:372-97.

Betancourt, J., and T. R. Van Devender. 1981. Holocene vegetation in Chaco Canyon. Science 214:656-58.

Borowski, 0. 1987- Agriculture in Iron Age Israel. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.

Braund, D. 1985. The social and economic context of the Roman annexation of Cyrenaica. In Cyrenaica in Antiquity, 319-25.

Brown, A. G., and K. E. Barber. 1985. Late Holocene Paleoecology and sedimentary history of a small lowland catchment in Central England. Quaternary Research 24:87-102.

Cascio, E. L. 1999. The population of Roman Italy in town and country. In Reconstructing Past Population Trends in Mediterranean Europe (3000 BC-AD z8oo), ed. J. Binfliff and K. Sbonias, 161-71. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Cook, S. E 1949. Soil erosion and population in Central Mexico. Ibero- Americana 34:1-86.

Cordell, L. 2000. Aftermath of chaos in the Pueblo Southwest. In Environmental Disaster and theArchaeology ofHuman Response, ed. G. Bawden and R. M. Reycraft, 179-93. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers 7. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.

Dale, T., and V. G. Carter. 1955. Topsoiland Civilization. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Deevy, E. S., D. S. Rice, P. M. Rice, H. H. Vaughan, M. Brenner, and M. S. Flannery. 1979. Mayan urbanism: Impact on a tropical karst environment. Science 206:298-306.

Dunning, N. P., and T. Beach. 1994. Soil erosion, slope management, and ancient terracing in the Maya Lowlands. Latin American Antiquity 5:51-69.

Fuchs, M., A. Lang, and G. A. Wagner. 2004. The history of Holocene soil erosion in the Philous Basin, NE Peloponnese, Greece, based on optical dating. Holocene 14:334-45.

Hall, S. A. 1977. Late Quaternary sedimentation and paleoecologic history of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Geological Society of America Bulletin 88: 1593-1618.

Halstead, P. 1992. Agriculture in the Bronze Age Agean: Towards a model of Palatial economy. In Agriculture in Ancient Greece, ed. B. Wells, 105-16. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, May 16-17, 1990, Svenska Instituter i Athen, Stockholm.

Harris, D. R., and C. Vita-Finzi. 1968. Kokkinopilos-A Greek badland, The Geographical journal134:537-46.

Heine, K. 2003. Paleopedological evidence of human-induced environmental change in the Puebla-Tlaxcala area (Mexico) during the last 3,500 years. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geological 20:235-44.

Hughes, J. D. 1975. Ecology in Ancient Civilizations. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Isager, S., and J. E. Skydsgaard. 1992. Ancient Greek Agriculture: An Introduction. London: Routledge.

Judson, S. 1963. Erosion and deposition of Italian stream valleys during historic time. Science 140:898-99.

ig68. Erosion rates near Rome, Italy. Science 16o:1444-46.

Lespez, L. 2003. Geomorphic responses to long-term landuse changes in Eastern Macedonia (Greece). Catena 51:181-208.

Lowdermilk, W C. 1953. Conquest ofthe Land Through 7,ooo Years. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Agriculture Information Bulletin 99. Washington, DC: GPO.

Marsh, G. P. 1864. Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. New York: Charles Scribner.

McAuliffe, J. R., P. C. Sundt, A. Valiente-Banuet, A. Casas, and J. L. Viveros. 2001. Pre-columbian soil erosion, persistent ecological changes, and collapse of a subsistence agricultural economy in the semi-arid Tehuacan Valley, Mexico's `Cradle of Maise.' journal ofArid Environments 47:47-75.

McNeill, J. R., and V. Winiwarter. 2004. Breaking the sod: Humankind, history, and soil. Science 304:1627-29.

Meijer, F. 1993. Cicero and the costs of the Republican grain laws. In DeAgri- cultura: In Memoriam Pieter Willem De Neeve (1945 1990), ed. H. Sancisi- Weerdenburg, R. J. van der Spek, H. C. Teitler, and H. T. Wallinga, 153-63. Dutch Monographs on Ancient History and Archaeology 10. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben.

Metcalfe, S. E., F. A. Street-Perrott, R. A. Perrott, and D. D. Harkness. 1991. Palaeolimnology of the Upper Lerma Basin, Central Mexico: a record of climatic change and anthropogenic disturbance since 116oo yr BE Journal of Paleolimnology 5:197-218.

O'Hara, S. L., F. A. Street-Perrott, and T. P. Burt. 1993. Accelerated soil erosion around a Mexican highland lake caused by prehispanic agriculture. Nature 362:48-51.

Piperno, D. R., M. B. Bush, and P A. Colinvaux. 1991. Paleoecological perspectives on human adaptation in Central Panama. II The Holocene. Geoarchaeology 6:227-50.

Ponting, C. 1993. A Green History ofthe World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. New York: Penguin Books.

Pope, K. 0., and T. H. van Andel. 1984. Late Quaternary alluviation and soil formation in the Southern Argolid: its history, causes and archaeological implications. Journal ofArchaeological Science 11:281-306.

Runnels, C. 2000. Anthropogenic soil erosion in prehistoric Greece: The contribution of regional surveys to the archaeology of environmental disruptions and human response. In Environmental Disaster and the Archaeology of Human Response, ed. R. M. Reycraft and G. Bawden, 11-20. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers 7. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.

Runnels, C. N. 1995. Environmental degradation in Ancient Greece. Scientific American 272:96-99.

Sandor, J. A., and N. S. Eash. 1gg1. Significance of ancient agricultural soils for long-term agronomic studies and sustainable agriculture research. Agronomy journal 83:29-37.

Simkhovitch, V. G. 1916. Rome's fall reconsidered. Political Science Quarterly 31:201-43.

Spurr, M. S. 1986. Arable Cultivation in Roman Italy c.2oo B. C.-c.A.D. zoo. Journal of Roman Studies Monographs 3. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.

Stephens, J. L. 1843. Incidents ofTravel in Yucatan. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962.

Thompson, R., G. M. Turner, M. Stiller, and A. Kaufman. 1985. Near East paleomagnetic secular variation recorded in sediments from the Sea of Galillee (Lake Kinneret). Quaternary Research 23:175-88.

Turner, B. L., II, P. Klepeis, and L. C. Schneider. 2003. Three millennia in the Southern Yucatan Peninsula: Implications for occupancy, use, and carrying capacity. In The Lowland Maya Area, 361-87.

Van Andel, T. H., E. Zangger, and A. Demitrack.1990. Land use and soil erosion in prehistoric and historical Greece. Journal ofFieldArchaeology 17:379-96.

Vita-Finzi, C. 1969. The Mediterranean Valleys: Geological Changes in Historical Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

White, K. D. 1970. Roman Farming. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

1973. Roman agricultural writers I: Varro and his predecessors. In Von Den Anfangen Roms bis zum Ausgang Der Republik, 3:439-97. Aufsteig and Niedergang der Romanischen Welt 1.4. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Williams, M. 2003. Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Zangger, E. 1992. Neolithic to present soil erosion in Greece. In Past and Present Soil Erosion: Archaeological and Geographical Perspectives, ed. M. Bell and J. Boardman, 133-47. Oxbow Monograph 22. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

1992. Prehistoric and historic soils in Greece: Assessing the natural resources for agriculture. In Agriculture in Ancient Greece, 13-18.

5. LET THEM EAT COLONIES

Bork, H.-R. 1989. Soil erosion during the past millennium in Central Europe and its significance within the geomorphodynamics of the Holocene. In Landforms and Landform Evolution in West Germany, ed. F. Ahnert, 121-31. Catena Suppl. no. 15.

Brown, J. C. 1876. Reboisement in France: Or, Records of the Replanting oftheAlps, the Cevennes, and the Pyrenees with Trees, Herbage, and Brush, with a View to Arresting and Preventing the Destructive Effects of Torrents. London: Henry S. King.

Clark, G. 1991. Yields per acre in English agriculture, 125o-186o: evidence from labour inputs, Economic History Review 44445-60.

. 1992. The economics of exhaustion, the Postan Thesis, and the Agricultural Revolution. Journal ofEconomic History 52:61-84.

Cohen, J. E. 1995. How Many People Can the Earth Support? New York: W. W Norton.

De Castro, J. 1952. The Geography ofHunger. Boston: Little, Brown.

Dearing, J. A., K. Alstrom, A. Bergman, J. Regnell, and P. Sandgren. 199o. Recent and long-term records of soil erosion from southern Sweden. In Soil Erosion on Agricultural Land, ed. J. Boardman, I. D. L. Foster, and J. A. Dearing, 173-91. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Dearing, J. A., H. Hakansson, B. Liedberg-Jonsson, A. Persson, S. Skansjo, D. Widholm, and E El-Daoushy. 1987. Lake sediments used to quantify the erosional response to land use change in southern Sweden. Oikos 50:60-78.

Dennell, R. 1978. Early farming in South Bulgaria from the VI to the III Millennia B. C. BAR International Series (Supplementary) 45. Oxford.

Edwards, K. J., and K. M. Rowntree. 198o. Radiocarbon and palaeoenviron- mental evidence for changing rates of erosion at a Flandrian stage site in Scotland. In Timescales in Geomorphology, ed. R. A. Cullingford, D. A. Davidson, and J. Lewin, 207-23. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

Evans, R. 199o. Soil erosion: Its impact on the English and Welsh landscape since woodland clearance. In Soil Erosion on Agricultural Land, 231-54.

Evelyn, J. 1679. Terra, a Philosophical Essay of Earth. London: Printed for John Martyn, Printer to the Royal Society.

Godwin, W 1793. An Enquiry concerning Political Justice and Its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness. Vol. 2. London: Robinson.

Hutton, J. 1795. Theory of the Earth, with Proofs and Illustrations. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: William Creech.

Hyams, E. 1952. Soil and Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson.

Judson, S. 1968. Erosion of the land, or what's happening to our continents? American Scientist 56:356-74.

Kalis, A. J., J. Merkt, and J. Wunderlich. 2003. Environmental changes during the Holocene climatic optimum in central Europe-human impact and natural causes. Quaternary Science Reviews 22:33-79.

Lane, C. 198o. The development of pastures and meadows during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Agricultural Review 28:18-30.

Lang, A. 2003. Phases of soil erosion-derived colluviation in the loess hills of South Germany. Catena 51:209-21.

Lang, A., H.-P. Niller, and M. M. Rind. 2003. Land degradation in Bronze Age Germany: Archaeological, pedological, and chronometrical evidence from a hilltop settlement on the Frauenberg, Niederbayern. Geoarchaeology 18:757-78.

Lowdermilk, W. C. 1953. Conquest of the Land Through7,ooo Years. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Agriculture Information Bulletin 99. Washington, DC: GPO.

Lowry, S. T. 2003. The agricultural foundation of the seventeenth-century English oeconomy, History of Political Economy 35, Suppl. 1:74-100.

Mackel, R., R. Schneider, and J. Seidel. 2003. Anthropogenic impact on the landscape of Southern Badenia (Germany) during the Holocene-documented by colluvial and alluvial sediments. Archaeometry45:487-Sol.

Malthus, T. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population, as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society: with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers. London: J. Johnson.

Markham, G. 1631. Markhams Farewell to Husbandry; Or, The Enriching ofAll Sorts of Barren and Sterile Grounds in Our Kingdome, to be as Fruiteful in All Manner of Graine, Pulse, and Grasse, as the Best Grounds Whatsoever. Printed by Nicholas Okes for John Harison, at the figure of the golden Unicorne in Paternester-row.

Marsh, G. P. 1864. Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. New York: Charles Scribner.

Marx, K. 1867. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. i. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.

Melvin, J. 1887. Hutton's views of the vegetable soil or mould, and vegetable and animal life. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society 5:468-83.

Morhange, C., F. Blanc, S. Schmitt-Mercury, M. Bourcier, P. Carbonel, C. Oberlin, A. Prone, D. Vivent, and A. Hesnard. 2003. Stratigraphy of lateHolocene deposits of the ancient harbour of Marseilles, southern France. Holocene 53:593-604✵

Mortimer, J. 1708. The Whole Art of Husbandry; Or, The Way of Managing and Improving ofLand. London: Printed by F. H. for H. Mortlock at the Phoenix, and J. Robinson at the Golden Lion in St. Paul's Church-Yard.

Playfair, J. 1802. Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth. London: Cadell and Davies / Edinburgh: William Creech.

Reclus, E. 1871. The Earth. New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons.

Ross, E. B. 1998. The Malthus Factor: Poverty, Politics and Population in Capitalist Development. London: Zed Books.

Simkhovitch, V. G. 1913. Hay and history. Political Science Quarterly 28:385-403✵

Smith, C. D. 1972. Late Neolithic settlement, land-use and Garigue in the Montpellier Region, France. Man 7:397-407.

Surell, A. 1870. A Study of the Torrents in the Department of the UpperAlps. Trans. A. Gibney. Paris: Dunod.

van de Westeringh, W 1988. Man-made soils in the Netherlands, especially in sandy areas ("Plaggen soils"). In Man-Made Soils, ed. W. Groenman-van Waa- teringe and M. Robinson, 5-19. Symposia of the Association for Environmental Archaeology 6, BAR International Series 410. Oxford.

Van Hooff, P. P. M., and P. D. Jungerius. 1984. Sediment source and storage in small watersheds of the Keuper marls in Luxembourg, as indicated by soil profile truncation and the deposition of colluvium. Catena 11:133-44.

Van Vliet-Lanoe, B., M. Helluin, J. Pellerin, and B. Valadas. 1992. Soil erosion in Western Europe: From the last interglacial to the present. In Past andPres- ent Soil Erosion: Archaeological and Geographical Perspectives, ed. M. Bell and J. Boardman, 101-14. Oxbow Monograph 22. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Whitney, M. 1925. Soil and Civilization: A Modern Concept of the Soil and the Historical Development ofAgriculture. New York: D. Van Nostrand.

Zangger, E. 1992. Prehistoric and historic soils in Greece: Assessing the natural resources for agriculture. In Agriculture in Ancient Greece, ed. B. Wells, 13-19. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 16-17 May, 199o. Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series In 4, 42. Stockholm.

Zolitschka, B., K.-E. Behre, and J. Schneider. 2003. Human and climatic impact on the environment as derived from colluvial, fluvial and lacustrine archives-examples from the Bronze Age to the Migration period, Germany. Quaternary Science Reviews 22:81-100.

6. WESTWARD HOE

Bagley, W C., Jr. 1942. Soil Exhaustion and the Civil War. Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs.

de Beaujour, L. A. E 1814. Sketch of the United States ofNorthAmerica. Trans. W. Walton. London: J. Booth.

Beer, G. L. 19o8. Origins of the British Colonial System, 1578-1660. New York: Macmillan.

Brissot de Warville, J.-P. 1794. New Travels in the United States ofAmerica, Performed in 1788. London: J. S. Jordan.

Costa, J. E. 1975. Effects of agriculture on erosion and sedimentation in the Piedmont Province, Maryland. Geological Society of America Bulletin 86:1281-86.

Craven, A. O. 1925. Soil Exhaustion as a Factor in the Agricultural History of Virginia andMaryland, i6o6--z86o. University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences 13, no. i. Urbana: University of Illinois.

Craven, J. H. 1833. Letter of John H. Craven. Farmer's Register 1:150.

Cronon, W 1983. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology ofNew England. New York: Hill and Wang.

Eliot, J. 1934. Essays Upon Field Husbandry in New England and Other Papers, 1748 1762. Ed. H. J. Carman, R. G. Tugwell, and R. H. True. New York: Columbia University Press.

Glenn, L. C. 1911. Denudation and Erosion in the Southern Appalachian Region and the Monongahela Basin. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 72. Washington, DC: GPO.

Gottschalk, L. C. 1945. Effects of soil erosion on navigation in Upper Chesapeake Bay. Geographical Review 35:219-38.

Hall, A.R. 1937. Early Erosion-Control Practices in Virginia. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 256. Washington, DC: GPO.

Happ, S. C. 1945. Sedimentation in South Carolina Piedmont valleys. American Journal ofScience 243:113-26.

Hartmann, W. A., and H. H. Wooten. 1935. Georgia Land Use Problems. Bulletin 191, Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station.

Hartwell, H., J. Blair, and E. Chilton. 1727. The Present State of Virginia, and the College. London: John Wyat.

Hewatt, A. 1779. An HistoricalAccount of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia. London: A. Donaldson.

Jefferson, T. 1813. Letter to C. W. Peale, April 17, 1813. In Thomas Jefferson's Garden Book, annot. E. M. Betts, 509. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1944.

1894. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Ed. P. L. Ford. Vol. 3. New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons.

Letter from Alabama. 1833. Farmer's Register 1:349✵

Lorain, J. 1825. Nature and Reason Harmonized in the Practice of Husbandry. Philadelphia: H. C. Carey and L. Lea.

Lyell, C. 1849. A Second Visit to The United States ofNorth America. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.

M. N. 1834. On improvement of lands in the central regions of Virginia. Farmer's Register 1:585-89.

Mann, C. C. 2002. The real dirt on rainforest fertility. Science 297:920-23.

McDonald, A. 1941. Early American Soil Conservationists. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 449. Washington, DC: GPO.

Meade, R. H. 1982. Sources, sinks, and storage of river sediment in the Atlantic drainage of the United States. Journal of Geology 90:235-52.

Overstreet, W. C., A.M. White, J. W Whitlow, P. K. Theobald, D. W Caldwell, and N. P. Cuppels. 1968. Fluvial monazite deposits in the southeastern United States. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 568. Washington, DC: GPO.

Pasternack, G. B., G. S. Brush, and W. B. Hilgartner. 2ooi. Impact of historic land-use change on sediment delivery to a Chesapeake Bay subestuarine delta. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26:409-27.

Phillips, U. B. 1909. Plantation and Frontier Documents: 1649 1863. Vol. i. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark.

Ruffin, E. 1832. An Essay on Calcareous Manures. Ed. J. C. Sitterson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1961.

Schoepf, J. D. 1911. Travels in the Confederation: 1783 1784. Trans. A. J. Morrison and William J. Campbell. Philadelphia: W. J. Campbell.

Shafer, D. S. 1988. Late Quaternary landscape evolution at Flat Laurel Gap, Blue Ridge Mountains, North Carolina. Quaternary Research 30:7-11.

Smith, N. J. H. 1980. Anthrosols and human carrying capacity in Amazonia. Annals of the Association ofAmerican Geographers 70:553-66.

Stoll, S. 2002. Larding the Lean Earth: Soil and Society in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Hill and Wang.

Taylor, J. 1814. Arator, Being a Series ofAgricultural Essays, Practical and Political. Columbia: J. M. Carter.

Toulmin, H. 1948. The Western Country in 1793: Reports on Kentucky and Virginia. Ed. M. Tinling and G. Davies. San Marino, CA: Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.

U.S. Congress. Senate. 1850. Report ofthe Commissioner ofPatents for the Year1849, part2, Agriculture. 31st Congress, 1st sess. Ex. Doc. 15. Washington, DC: GPO.

Washington, G. 1803. Letters from His Excellency George Washington to Arthur Young, Esq., E.R.S., and Sir John Sinclair, Bart., M. P: Containing an Account of His Husbandry with His Opinions on Various Questions in Agriculture. Alexandria, VA: Cottom and Stewart.

1892. The Writings of George Washington. Ed. W. C. Ford. Vol. 13. New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons.

White, A. 1910. A briefe relation of the voyage unto Maryland, 1634. In Narratives of Early Maryland, 1633 1684, ed. C. C. Hall, 22-45. New York: Charles Scribner.

Wolman, M. G. 1967. A cycle of sedimentation and erosion in urban river channels. GeografiskaAnnaler49A:385-95.

7. DUST BLOW

Alexander, E. B. 1988. Rates of soil formation: Implications for soil-loss tolerance. Soil Science 145:37-45.

Bennett, H. H. 1936. Soil Conservation and Flood Control. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Miscellaneous Publication it. Washington, DC: GPO.

Bennett, H. H., and W. R. Chapline. 1928. Soil Erosion, A National Menace. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils and Forest Service, Circular 3. Washington, DC: GPO.

Borchert, J. R. 1971. The Dust Bowl in the 1970s. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 61:1-22.

Brown, L. R. 1981. World population growth, soil erosion, and food security. Science 214:995-1002.

Busacca, A., L. Wagoner, P. Mehringer, and M. Bacon. 1998. Effect of human activity on dustfall: A 1,3oo-year lake-core record of dust deposition on the Columbia Plateau, Pacific Northwest U.S.A. In Dust Aerosols, Loess Soils & Global Change, ed. A. Busacca, 8-11. Publication MISCo19o. Pullman: Washington State University.

Catt, J. A. 1988. Loess-its formation, transportation and economic significance. In Physical and Chemical Weathering in Geochemical Cycles, ed. A. Lerman, and M. Meybeck, 251:113-42. NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Clay, J. 2004. World Agriculture and the Environment. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Craven, A. O. 1925. Soil Exhaustion as a Factor in the Agricultural History of Virginia and Maryland, i6o6--z86o. University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences 13, no. I. Urbana: University of Illinois.

Davis, R. O. E. 1914. Economic waste from soil erosion. In [1913] Yearbook of the United States Department ofAgriculture, 207-20. Washington, DC: GPO.

Dazhong, W 1993. Soil erosion and conservation in China. In World Soil Erosion and Conservation, ed. D. Pimentel, 63-85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dunne, T., W. E. Dietrich, and M. J. Brunengo. 1978. Recent and past erosion rates in semi-arid Kenya. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, N. F, Suppl. 29:130-40.

Hunsberger, B., J. Senior, and S. Carter. 1999. Winds spawn deadly pileups. Sunday Oregonian, September 26, Ai.

Hurni, H. 1993. Land degradation, famine, and land resource scenarios in Ethiopia. In World Soil Erosion and Conservation, 27-61.

Hyams, E. 1952. Soil and Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson.

Jacobberger, P. A. 1988. Drought-related changes to geomorphologic processes in central Mali. Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin 100:351-61.

Johnson, W D. 1902. The High Plains and their utilization. In Twenty-Second Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 637-69. Washington, DC: GPO.

Kaiser, J. 2004. Wounding Earth's fragile skin. Science 304:1616-18.

Kaiser, V. G. 1961. Historical land use and erosion in the Palouse-A reappraisal. Northwest Science 35:139-53.

Lal, R. 1993. Soil erosion and conservation in West Africa. In World Soil Erosion and Conservation, 7-25.

Larson, W. E., F. J. Pierce, and R. H. Dowdy. 1983. The threat of soil erosion to long-term crop production. Science 219:458-65.

Le Houerou, H. N. 1996. Climate change, drought and desertification. Journal ofArid Environments 34:133-85.

Lowdermilk, W. C. 1935. Soil Erosion and Its Control in the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Miscellaneous Publication 3. Washington, DC: GPO.

1936. Man-made deserts. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Miscellaneous Publication 4.

1941. Conquest of the Land. In Papers on Soil Conservation, 1936-1941. U.S. Soil Conservation Service.

Mackel, R., and D. Walther. 1984, Change of vegetation cover and morphody- namics-a study in applied geomorphology in the semi-arid lands of Northern Kenya, Zeitschrift fir Geomorphologie, N. F, Suppl. 51:77-93.

McCool, D. K., J. A. Montgomery, A. J. Busacca, and B. E. Frazier. 1998. Soil degradation by tillage movement. Advances in GeoEcology 31:327-32-

Nasrallah, H. A., and R. C. Balling, Jr. 1995. Impact of desertification on temperature trends in the Middle East. Environmental Monitoring andAssessment 37:265-71.

National Research Council. Committee on the role of alternative farming methods in modern production agriculture. 1989. Alternative Agriculture. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Nearing, M. A., F. F. Pruski, and M. R. O'Neal. 2004. Expected climate change impacts on soil erosion rates: A review. Journal ofSoil and Water Conservation 59:43-50.

Pearce, E 2001. Desert harvest. New Scientist 172:44.

Peng, S., J. Huang, J. E. Sheehy, R. C. Laza, R. M. Visperas, X. Zhong, G. S. Centeno, G. S. Khush, and K. G. Cassman. 2004. Rice yields decline with higher night temperature from global warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica 101:9971-75.

Pimentel, D. 1993. Overview. In World Soil Erosion and Conservation, 1-5.

Pimentel, D., J. Allen, A. Beers, L. Guinand, A. Hawkins, R. Linder, P. McLaughlin, B. Meer, D. Musonda, D. Perdue, S. Poisson, R. Salazar, S. Siebert, and K. Stoner. 1993. Soil erosion and agricultural productivity. In World Soil Erosion and Conservation, 277-92.

Pimentel, D., C. Harvey, P. Resosudarmo, K. Sinclair, D. Kurz, M. McNair, S. Crist, L. Shpritz, L. Fitton, R. Saffouri, and R. Blair. 1995. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science 267:1117-23.

Ponting, C. 1993. A Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. New York: Penguin Books.

Saiko, T. A. 1995. Implications of the disintegration of the former Soviet Union for desertification control. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 37: 289-302.

Sampson, R. N. ig81. Farmland or Wasteland- A Time to Choose. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press.

Schickele, R., J. P. Himmel, and R. M. Hurd. 1935. Economic Phases of Erosion Control in Southern Iowa and Northern Missouri. Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 333. Ames: Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

Schindler, D. W., and W. E Donahue. 2006. An impending water crisis in Canada's western prairie provinces. Proceedings ofthe NationalAcademy ofSciences 103:7210-16.

Shaler, N. S. 1891. The origin and nature of soils. In Papers Accompanying the Annual Report of the Director of the U.S. Geological Survey for the Fiscal Year EndingJune3o,1891, 2II-345✵ U.S. Geological Survey. Washington, DC: GPO.

1905. Man and the Earth. New York: Fox, Duffield.

Swift, J. 1977. Sahelian pastoralists: Underdevelopment, desertification, and famine. Annual Review ofAnthropology 6:457-78.

Syvitski, J. P. M., C. J. Vorosmarty, A. J. Kettner, and P. Green. 2005. Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean. Science 308:376-80.

Throckmorton, R. I., and L. L. Compton. 1938. Soil erosion by wind. Report of the Kansas State Board ofAgriculture 56, no. 224-A.

Trimble, S. W., and S. W. Lund. 1982. Soil Conservation and the Reduction ofEro- sion and Sedimentation in the Coon Creek Basin, Wisconsin. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1234. Washington, DC: GPO.

U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Great Plains Committee. 1936. The Future ofthe Great Plains, 75th Congress, 1st sess. HD 144. Washington, DC: GPO.

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1979. Erosion in the Palouse: A Summary of the Palouse River Basin Study. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Forest Service, and Economics, Statistics, and Cooperative Service.

Wade, N. 1974. Sahelian drought: No victory for Western aid. Science 185:234-37.

Wakatsuki, T., and A. Rasyidin. 1992. Rates of weathering and soil formation. Geoderma 52:251-63.

Worster, D. 1979. Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the193os. New York: Oxford University Press.

Zonn, I. S. 1995. Desertification in Russia: Problems and solutions (An example in the Republic of Kalmykia-Khalmg Tangch). Environmental Monitoring andAssessment 37:347-63.

8. DIRTY BUSINESS

Appenzeller, T. 2004. The end of cheap oil. National Geographic 205 (6): 8o-io9.

Bennett, H. H. 1947. Soil conservation in the world ahead. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 2:43-50.

Blevins, R. L., R. Lal, J. W. Doran, G. W. Langdale, and W. W. Frye. 1998. Conservation tillage for erosion control and soil quality. In Advances in Soil and Water Conservation, ed. E J. Pierce and W. W. Fry, 51-68. Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press.

Buman, R. A., B. A. Alesii, J. L. Hatfield, and D. L. Karlen. 2004. Profit, yield, and soil quality effects of tillage systems in corn-soybeans. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 59:260-270.

Catt, J. A. 1992. Soil erosion on the Lower Greensand at Woburn Experimental Farm, Bedfordshire-Evidence, history, and causes. In Past and Present Soil Erosion: Archaeological and Geographical Perspectives, ed. M. Bell and J. Boardman, 67-76. Oxbow Monograph 22. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Craswell, E. T. 1993. The management of world soil resources for sustainable agricultural production. In World Soil Erosion and Conservation, ed. D. Pimentel, 257-76. Cambridge Studies in Applied Ecology and Resource Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Crookes, William. 19oo. The Wheat Problem: Based on Remarks Made in the Presidential Address to the British Association at Bristol in 1898. New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons.

Drinkwater, L. E., P. Wagoner, and M. Sarrantonio. 1998. Legume-based cropping systems have reduced carbon and nitrogen losses. Nature 396: 262-65.

Egan, T. 2004. Big farms reap two harvests with subsidies a bumper crop. New York Times, December 26, 2004, 1, 28.

Fan, T., B. A. Stewart, W. A. Payne, W. Yong, J. Luo, and Y. Gao. 2005. Longterm fertilizer and water availability effects on cereal yield and soil chemical properties in Northwest China. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69:842-55.

Faulkner, E. H. 1943. Plowman's Folly. New York: Grosser and Dunlap.

Hall, A.D. 1917. The Book of theRothamstedExperiments. 2nd ed. Rev. E. J. Russell. New York: E. P. Dutton.

Hilgard, E. W. ,86o. Report on the Geology and Agriculture of the State ofMississippi. Jackson: E. Barksdale.

Hooke, R. L. 1999. Spatial distribution of human geomorphic activity in the United States: Comparison with rivers. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 24:687-92.

Howard, A. 1940. An Agricultural Testament. London: Oxford University Press.

Jackson, W. 2002. Farming in nature's image: Natural systems agriculture. In The Fatal Harvest Reader: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture, ed. A. Kim- brell, 65-75. Washington, DC: Island Press.

2oo2. Natural systems agriculture: a truly radical alternative. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 88:111-17.

Jenny, H. 1961. "E. W. Hilgard and the Birth of Modern Soil Science." Agrochimica, ser. 3 (Pisa).

Johnston, A. E., and G. E. G. Mattingly. 1976. Experiments on the continuous growth of arable crops at Rothamsted and Woburn Experimental Stations: Effects of treatments on crop yields and soil analyses and recent modifications in purpose and design. Annals ofAgronomy 27:927-56.

Johnson, C. B., and W. C. Moldenhauer. 1979. Effect of chisel versus moldboard plowing on soil erosion by water. Soil Science Society ofAmerica journal 43:177-79-

Judson, S. 1968. Erosion of the land, or what's happening to our continents? American Scientist 56:356-74.

Lai, R. 2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 304:1623-27.

Lal, R., M. Griffin, J. Apt, L. Lave, and M. G. Morgan. 2004. Managing soil carbon. Science 304:39.

Liebig, J. 1843. Chemistry in Its Application to Agriculture and Physiology. Ed. from the manuscript of the author by L. Playfair. Philadelphia: James M. Campbell / New York: Saxton and Miles.

Lockeretz, W., G. Shearer, R. Klepper, and S. Sweeney. 1978. Field crop production on organic farms in the Midwest. Journal ofSoil and Water Conservation 33:130-34-

Mader, P., A. FlieRbach, D. Dubois, L. Gunst, P. Fried, and U. Niggli. 2002. Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science 296:1694-97.

Mallory, W. H. 1926. China: Land ofFamine. Special Publication 6. New York: American Geographical Society.

Matson, P A., W. J. Parton, A. G. Power, and M. J. Swift. 1997. Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science 277:504-9.

McNeill, J. R., and V. Winiwarter. 2004. Breaking the sod: Humankind, history, and soil. Science 304:1627-29.

Morgan, R. P. C. 1985. Soil degradation and erosion as a result of agricultural practice. In Geomorphology and Soils, ed. K. S. Richards, R. R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, 379-95. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Mosier, A. R., K. Syers, and J. R. Freney. 2004. Agriculture and the Nitrogen Cycle. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Musgrave, G. W. 1954. Estimating land erosion-sheet erosion. Association internationale d'Hydrologie scientifique, Assemblee generale de Rome, 1: 207-15.

Pimentel, D., P. Hepperly, J. Hanson, D. Douds, and R. Seidel. 2005. Environmental, energetic, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems. BioScience 55:573-82.

Reganold, J. 1989. Farming's organic future. New Scientist 122:49-52.

Reganold, J. P., L. F. Elliott, and Y. L. Unger. 1987. Long-term effects of organic and conventional farming on soil erosion. Nature 330:370-72.

Reganold, J. P., J. D. Glover, P. K. Andrews, and H. R. Hinman. 2001. Sustainability of three apple production systems. Nature 410:926-30.

Reganold, J. P., A. S. Palmer, J. C. Lockhart, and A. N. Macgregor. 1993. Soil quality and financial performance of biodynamic and conventional farms in New Zealand. Science 260:344-49.

Rosser, P., J. Collins, and F. M. Lappe. 2000. Lessons from the Green Revolution. Tikkun Magazine 15 (2): 52-56.

Ruffin, E. 1832. An Essay on Calcareous Manures. Ed. J. C. Sitterson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1961.

Smil, V. 2001. Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Stuiver, M. 1978. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon reservoir changes: Reduction in terrestrial carbon reservoirs since 185o has resulted in atmospheric carbon dioxide increases. Science 199:253-58.

Tanner, C. B., and R. W. Simonson. 1993. Franklin Hiram King-pioneer scientist. Soil Science Society ofAmerica journal 57:286-92.

Taylor, R. H. 1930. Commercial fertilizers in South Carolina. South Atlantic Quarterly 29:179-89.

Tiessen, H., E. Cuevas, and P. Chacon. 1994. The role of soil organic matter in sustaining soil fertility. Nature 371:783-85.

Truman, C. C., D. W. Reeves, J. N. Shaw, A. C. Motta, C. H. Burmester, R. L. Raper, and E. B. Schwab. 2003. Tillage impacts on soil property, runoff, and soil loss variations from a Rhodic Paleudult under simulated rainfall. Journal ofSoil and Water Conservation 58:258-67.

Ursic, S. J., and E E. Dendy. 1965. Sediment yields from small watersheds under various land uses and forest covers. Proceedings ofthe Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, t963, 47-52. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication 970. Washington, DC: GPO.

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1901. Exhaustion andAbandonment of Soils: Testimony ofMilton Whitney, Chief ofDivision of Soils, Before The Industrial Commission. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Report 70. Washington, DC: GPO.

Van Hise, C. R. 1916. The Conservation ofNatural Resources in the United States. New York: Macmillan.

Whitney, M. 1909. Soils of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils Bulletin 55. Washington, DC: GPO.

1925. Soil and Civilization: A Modern Concept of the Soil and the Historical Development ofAgriculture. New York: D. Van Nostrand.

Wilson, D. 2001. Fateful Harvest: The True Story ofa Small Town, a Global Industry, and a Toxic Secret. New York: HarperCollins.

Wines, R. A. 1985. Fertilizer in America: From Waste Recycling to Resource Exploitation. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Yoder, D.C., T. L. Cope, J. B. Wills, and H. P. Denton. 2005. No-till transplanting of vegetable and tobacco to reduce erosion and nutrient surface runoff. Journal ofSoil and Water Conservation 6o:68-72.

9. ISLANDS IN TIME

Arnalds, A. 1998. Strategies for soil conservation in Iceland. Advances in GeoEcology 31:919-25.

Arnalds, O. 2000. The Icelandic `Rofabard' soil erosion features. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25:17-28.

Buckland, P., and A. Dugmore. 1991. "If this is a refugium, why are my feet so bloody cold?" The origins of the Icelandic biota in the light of recent research. In Environmental Change in Iceland- Past and Present, ed. J. K. Maizels, and C. Caseldine, 107-25. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Dugmore, A., and P. Buckland. 1991. Tephrochronology and late Holocene soil erosion in South Iceland. In Environmental Change in Iceland, 147-59.

Gerrard, A. J. 1985. Soil erosion and landscape stability in southern Iceland: a tephrochronological approach. In Geomorphology and Soils, ed. K. S. Richards, R. R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, 78-95. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Gerrard, J. 1991. An assessment of some of the factors involved in recent landscape change in Iceland. In Environmental Change in Iceland, 237-53.

Gisladottir, G. 2001. Ecological disturbance and soil erosion on grazing land in Southwest Iceland. In Land Degradation, ed. A. J. Conacher, 109-26. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Hunt, T. L., and C. P. Lipo. 2006. Late colonization of Easter Island. Science 311:1603-6.

Kirch, P. V. 1996. Late Holocene human-induced modifications to a central Polynesian island ecosystem. Proceedings ofthe NationalAcademy ofSciences of the United States ofAmerica 93:5296-5300.

1997. Microcosmic histories: Island perspectives on "global" change. American Anthropologist 99 (1): 30-42.

Luke, H. 1952. A visit to Easter Island. Geographical Magazine 25:298-306.

Mann, D., J. Chase, J. Edwards, W. Beck, R. Reamer, and M. Mass. 2003. Prehistoric destruction of the primeval soils and vegetation of Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua, Easter Island). In Easter Island- Scientific Exploration into the World's Environmental Problems in Microcosm, ed. J. Loret and J. T. Tancredi, 133-53Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic / New York: Plenum.

Mieth, A., and H.-R. Bork. 2005. History, origin and extent of soil erosion on Easter Island (Rapa Nui). Catena 63:244-60.

Olafsdottir, R., and H. J. Guamundsson. 2002. Holocene land degradation and climatic change in northeastern Iceland. Holocene 12:159-67.

Ponting, C. 1993. A Green History ofthe World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. New York: Penguin Books.

Sveinbjarnardottir, G. 1991. A study of farm abandonment in two regions of Iceland. In Environmental Change in Iceland, 161-77.

Williams, J. 1837. A Narrative ofMissionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands. London: J. Snow.

Williams, M. 2003. Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

10. LIFE SPAN OF CIVILIZATIONS

Berry, W. 2002. The whole horse. In The Fatal Harvest Reader: The Tragedy of IndustrialAgriculture, ed. A. Kimbrell, 39-48. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Cassman, K. G. 1999. Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: Yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica 96:5952-59.

Cassman, K. G., S. K. De Datta, D. C. Olk, J. Alcantara, M. Samson, J. Descal- sota, and M. Dizon. 1995. Yield decline and the nitrogen economy of longterm experiments on continuous, irrigated rice systems in the tropics. In Soil Management: Experimental Basis for Sustainability and Environmental Quality, ed. R. Lal and B. A. Stewart, 181-222. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers.

Ehrlich, P. R., A. H. Ehrlich, and G. C. Daily. 1993. Food security, population and environment. Population and Development Review 19:1-32.

Engels, F. 1844. The myth of overpopulation. In Marx and Engels on Malthus, ed. R. L. Meek, trans. D. L. Meek and R. L. Meek, 57-63. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1953.

Huston, M. 1993. Biological diversity, soils, and economics. Science 262:1676-80.

Kaiser, J. 2004. Wounding Earth's fragile skin. Science 304:1616-18.

Larson, W. E., F. J Pierce, and R. H. Dowdy. 1983. The threat of soil erosion to long-term crop production. Science 219:458-65.

Pimentel, D., J. Allen, A. Beers, L. Guinand, R. Linder, P. McLaughlin, B. Meer, D. Musonda, D. Perdue, S. Poisson, S. Siebert, K. Stoner, R. Salazar, and A. Hawkins. 1987. World agriculture and soil erosion. BioScience 37:277-83.

Pimentel, D., C. Harvey, P. Resosudarmo, K. Sinclair, D. Kurz, M. McNair, S. Crist, L. Shpritz, L. Fitton, R. Saffouri, and R. Blair. 1995. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science 267: 1117-23.

Saunders, I., and A. Young. 1983. Rates of surface processes on slopes, slope retreat and denudation. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 8:473-501.

Smith, A. 1776. Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth ofNations. London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell.

Tilman, D. 1999. Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: The need for sustainable and efficient practices. Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States ofAmerica 96:5995-6000.

Tilman, D., J. Fargione, B. Wolff, C. D'Antonio, A. Dobson, R. Howarth, D. Schindler, W. H. Schlesinger, D. Simberloff, and D. Swackhamer. 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 292: 281-284.

United Nations Development Programme. 1996. Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities. New York.

Vitousek, P. M., H. A. Mooney, J. Lubchenco, and J. M. Melillo. 1997. Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science 277:494-99.

Wilkinson, B. H. 2005. Humans as geologic agents: A deep-time perspective. Geology 33:161-64-