The Titans of Civilization: The People Who Shaped the World - Sykalo Eugen 2023

Mahavira

Mahavira (599 — 527 BCE), also known as Vardhamana, was the founder of Jainism, an ancient Indian religion that emphasizes non-violence, self-discipline, and spiritual liberation. He is regarded as the 24th and last Tirthankara (spiritual teacher) of the Jain tradition. Here are the key facts about Mahavira:

Birth and Early Life:
- Mahavira was born into a royal family in Kundagrama (modern-day Vaishali, Bihar, India) in 599 BCE.
- His birth name was Vardhamana, which means "increasing" or "prosperous."

Renunciation and Spiritual Quest:
- At the age of 30, Mahavira renounced his princely life, including his family and wealth, to embark on a life of asceticism and spiritual seeking.
- For the next twelve and a half years, he practiced severe austerities, meditation, and self-mortification to attain spiritual enlightenment.

Kevala Jnana (Supreme Knowledge):
- After intense spiritual practices, Mahavira achieved Kevala Jnana, a state of supreme knowledge, insight, and omniscience.
- This state allowed him to comprehend the nature of reality, karma, and the path to liberation.

Teachings and Jain Philosophy:
- Mahavira's teachings emphasized the concept of ahimsa (non-violence), which extends beyond physical harm to include non-violence in thought, speech, and action.
- He emphasized the practice of aparigraha (non-possessiveness), anekantavada (the principle of non-absolutism), and karma theory, which explains how actions influence the cycle of birth and death.

Five Great Vows:
- Mahavira prescribed a strict code of ethics for his followers. These included the Five Great Vows: non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possessiveness.

Spread of Jainism:
- Mahavira traveled extensively throughout his life, preaching his philosophy and attracting followers.
- His teachings gained a significant following, and he established a monastic community (sangha) of both male and female ascetics.

Death and Moksha:
- Mahavira is believed to have attained moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) at the age of 72 in Pawapuri, Bihar.
- According to Jain tradition, he achieved final liberation and is considered a Siddha, a liberated soul who has attained the highest spiritual state.

Jain Tradition and Influence:
- Mahavira's teachings are preserved in sacred Jain texts, known as Agamas, which form the basis of Jain philosophy and ethics.
- Jainism remains an influential religion, particularly in India, where it continues to emphasize non-violence, simplicity, and spiritual realization.

Legacy and Symbolism:
- Mahavira's life and teachings exemplify the ideals of renunciation, compassion, and self-realization.
- He is often depicted in Jain iconography with the symbol of a lion, representing his fearless spiritual journey.

Mahavira's contributions to Jainism have left a lasting impact on Indian philosophy and spirituality. His emphasis on non-violence, truthfulness, and self-discipline continues to inspire individuals seeking a path of ethical conduct, inner purity, and spiritual enlightenment.