The Titans of Civilization: The People Who Shaped the World - Sykalo Eugen 2023

Prophet Muhammad

Prophet Muhammad (c. 570 — 632 CE) is the central figure of Islam and is revered by Muslims as the final prophet and messenger of God. His life, teachings, and actions as recorded in the Quran and Hadith (sayings and actions attributed to him) have profoundly influenced the religious, cultural, and social landscape of the Islamic world. Here are the key facts about Prophet Muhammad:

Birth and Early Life:
- Muhammad was born in Mecca, a city in present-day Saudi Arabia, around the year 570 CE. His full name is Muhammad ibn Abdullah, meaning "Muhammad, son of Abdullah."
- He was born into the Quraysh tribe, a prominent clan in Mecca.

Revelation and Prophethood:
- At the age of 40, Muhammad began receiving revelations from God through the angel Gabriel. These revelations were compiled to form the Quran, the holy book of Islam.
- Muhammad's prophethood marked the start of his mission to convey the message of monotheism, social justice, and moral conduct to the Arabian Peninsula.

Early Preaching and Persecution:
- Muhammad initially preached his message privately, urging people to worship the one true God and abandon idolatry. However, his message faced opposition from the leaders of Mecca, who were invested in the city's polytheistic practices.

Migration to Medina:
- In 622 CE, facing increasing hostility, Muhammad and his followers emigrated from Mecca to Medina. This event, known as the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
- In Medina, Muhammad's role expanded to include leadership of the community and administration of justice.

Medina Period and Consolidation:
- In Medina, Muhammad established a pluralistic society that promoted religious tolerance and cooperation among various groups, including Muslims, Jews, and pagans.
- He enacted various legal and social reforms, including regulations regarding marriage, inheritance, and charity.

Confrontations and Victories:
- As Muhammad's influence grew, there were conflicts with the leaders of Mecca and neighboring tribes.
- Muhammad and his followers faced battles, and his leadership during these conflicts is documented in Islamic history. One notable event is the Battle of Badr, in which a small Muslim force defeated a larger Meccan army.

Conquest of Mecca:
- In 630 CE, Muhammad and his followers conquered Mecca without bloodshed. He entered the city as a victorious leader but forgave his former enemies and focused on establishing the city as a center of monotheism.

Farewell Pilgrimage and Death:
- In 632 CE, Muhammad performed his farewell pilgrimage to Mecca, delivering a sermon that summarized his teachings and emphasized principles of justice and equality.
- He fell ill shortly after returning to Medina and passed away on June 8, 632 CE, at the age of 63.

Legacy and Influence:
- Prophet Muhammad's teachings, exemplified by the Quran and Hadith, form the basis of Islamic faith and practice.
- His life and character serve as a model for Muslims, emphasizing compassion, humility, social justice, and devotion to God.
- The spread of Islam after Muhammad's death led to the formation of a vast and diverse civilization, influencing art, science, philosophy, and governance.

Prophet Muhammad's legacy continues to inspire millions of Muslims worldwide, shaping their spiritual beliefs, ethical conduct, and commitment to creating a just and compassionate society in accordance with Islamic principles.