The Titans of Civilization: The People Who Shaped the World - Sykalo Eugen 2023

Ramses II

Ramses II, also known as Ramesses II or Ramesses the Great, was one of ancient Egypt's most famous pharaohs. His reign marked a period of military achievements, monumental building projects, and diplomatic endeavors. Here are the key facts about Ramses II:

Early Life and Family:
- Ramses II was born around 1303 BCE in ancient Egypt, the son of Pharaoh Seti I and Queen Tuya.
- He was appointed as co-regent by his father at a young age, preparing him for eventual rulership.

Longest Reign in Egyptian History:
- Ramses II's reign spanned approximately 66 years, making him one of the longest-reigning pharaohs in Egyptian history.
- His longevity allowed him to undertake numerous ambitious projects and campaigns.

Military Campaigns:
- Ramses II is known for his military campaigns, including battles against the Hittites in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey).
- The Battle of Kadesh (1274 BCE) is one of the most famous, where Ramses II faced the Hittite forces. Although the outcome was inconclusive, Ramses II celebrated the battle as a great victory in his inscriptions.

Building Projects:
- Ramses II embarked on a massive building campaign throughout Egypt, leaving behind a legacy of impressive temples, statues, and monuments.
- The most famous of his projects is the temple complex at Abu Simbel, featuring colossal statues of Ramses II carved into the rock face.

Ramses the Great's Temple at Karnak:
- Ramses II expanded the Karnak Temple complex in Thebes, adding monumental structures and inscriptions to commemorate his reign and military victories.

Monuments and Statues:
- Ramses II erected numerous statues of himself throughout Egypt, showcasing his image as a powerful and god-like ruler.
- The most well-known statue is the Great Colossus of Ramses II, which once stood in the courtyard of the Luxor Temple.

Family Life:
- Ramses II had numerous wives and a large number of children. His favorite wife was Nefertari, and he had many sons and daughters, some of whom were appointed to high positions in his administration.

Peace Treaty with the Hittites:
- After years of conflict, Ramses II eventually negotiated a peace treaty with the Hittite king, Hattusili III. The treaty, known as the Treaty of Kadesh, is one of the earliest recorded peace agreements in history.

Mummy and Rediscovery:
- Ramses II's mummy was discovered in 1881 in the Deir el-Bahari cache of royal mummies. Despite its deteriorated state, modern technology has allowed researchers to learn more about his life and health.

Legacy:
- Ramses II is often remembered as a skilled military leader, a prolific builder, and a symbol of Egypt's ancient grandeur.
- His reign left an indelible mark on Egypt's history, and his monuments and inscriptions continue to capture the imagination of people worldwide.

Ramses II's legacy endures through the monuments he left behind, which stand as a testament to his power and influence as one of Egypt's most celebrated pharaohs.